TRANSITION FROM VOC

TO THE DUTCH COLONIAL

GOVERNMENT
 
THE FALL
VOC INDONESIA
(31-12-1799) IMPACT WAS DIRECTLY
COLONIZED BY
THE DUTCH

LEGACY:

1.DEBT
2. ASSET:
- BATAVIA
-PRIANGAN
-PANTURA
-UJUNG TIMUR
-MADURA
-PALEMBANG INDONESIA
-PADANG FUCTIONED AS A
-PONTIANAK WINGEWEST
-MINAHASA
-MALAKA
-MALUKU
-ETC. (OUTSIDE
INDONESIA)
EARLY DUTCH COLONIAL
GOVERMENT:

1. DEBATE BETWEEN THE CONSERVATIVES AND

THE LIBERALS:
* FREE TRADE VS MONOPOLY
* PRIVATE VS STATE
 
2. MODERNIZATION: DIRK VAN HOGENDORP,
DAENDELS AND RAFLES
THE IDEA OF DIRK VAN HOGENDORP
(1800-1808)

PRINCIPLE:
COLONY FOR
MOTHER
COUNTRY

VOC: DIRK:
CRIME AND EXPLOITATION INDIGENOUS SHOULD BE
WELL TREATED

. ABOLITION OF FORCED LABOR

LAND USE: PROPRIETARY RIGHT & LAND
REGENT AUTHORITY LESSENED (SALARY)

BRITISH LIBERALISM IN INDIA

UNSUCESSFUL:
FEUDALISM
LACK OF LAND OFFICIAL
HARD NATURAL CONDITION
H.W. DAENDELS (1808-1811)
SITUATION IN
EUROPE
FRANCE REVOLUTION &
NAPOLEONIC WAR (THE
NETHERLANDS WAS OCCUPIED
BY FRANCE (1795-1810)
DUTCH PUPET GOVERNMENT:
LODEWIJK NAPOLEON
KING WILLEM V FLEED TO
BRITAIN
SPIRIT OF FRANCE REVOLUTION
SITUATION IN
INDONESIA
DAENDELS
(1808-1811)
MAIN DUTIES:
DEFENDING JAVA FROM BRITISH INVASION
POLITICAL POLICY:
ABOLISHED FEUDALISM/ MODERN
GOVERNMENT
REGENTS WERE PROMOTED TO BE
COLONIAL BUREAUCRACY
JAVA WAS DIVIDED INTO 9 PREFECTURES
ESTABLISHING COURTS
SIMPLIFYING TRADITIONAL CEREMONY
DEFENCE PILICY
POST ROAD (ANYER-PANARUKAN)
CONSTRUCTING SHIPS & DEFENCE POST
Grote Post Weg
Administrative Divission
DAENDELS WAS
RECALLED IN 1811:
-BAD ECONOMY
-LESS SUPPORT FROM
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE
-WEAK DEFENCE
PRACTICAL REASON:
ABUSED THE SPIRIT OF
FRANCE REVOLUTION
(FORCED LABOR FORCED
DELIVERY)

JANSSENS (THE SUCCESSOR OF DAENDELS) COULD NOT

DEFEND JAVA AGAINST THE BRITISH SUDDEN ATTACK.
TUNTANG AGREEMENT1811:
-THE DUTCH SHOULD PAY WAR BUDGET
-JAVA, MADURA AND THE OUTER ISLANDS HANDED OVER BY
BRITISH
TH. S. RAFFLES (1811 – 1816)
LEUTENANT
GUVERNOR
GENERAL
RAFFLES

LIBERALISM CONDITION IN
SPIRIT INDONESIA
(IMPLEMENTED
IN INDIA

1 . REJECTED EXPLOITATION 1 FEUDALISM STILL HAD STRONG

MODEL OF THE VOC
2 OPPRESSION RESULTED
LAZINESS
3 POLICY:
A FORCED WORK & DELIVERY
WERE REPLACED BY FREEDOM
FOR PLANTING AND SELLING
B DIRECT GOVERNMENT
C LANDRENT: SHOULD BE
SUPPORTED BY MODERN
BUREAUCRACY & EXPORT
COMMODITIES
INFLUENCE
2 SUBSISTANCE ECONOMY
3 MONEY ECONOMY WAS LESS
DEVELOPED
4 EXPORT INDUSTRY HAD NOT
YET BEEN DEVELOPED
LONDON TRACTAT 1814: BRITISH
HAD TO RETURN BACK DUTCH
COLONIES (EXCEPT CAPE OF
GOOD HOPE). AS A
COMPENSATION OF BANGKA,
BRITISH GOT COCHIN CHINA)
RESULTS:
• VALUE OF LANDRENT: ABOUT 25% OF HARVEST VALUE/ YEAR
• FACTORS OF FAILURE:
+ INACCURACY OF LANDOWNERSHIP
+ THE INFLUENCE OF REGENT & OTHER INDIGENOUS
LEADERS
+ THE SCARCITY OF MONEY
ALTHOUGH RAFFLES PROGRAMS FAILED: IT INSPIRED THE DUTCH
COLONIAL GOVERNMENT TO IMPLEMENT THIS SYSTEM UNTIL 1830.
BUT THE DUTCH IMPLEMENTED IT HALFHEATREDLY AND BY TRIAL
AND ERROR.
The Coming of British in Jawa

• British troops landed near Batavia in August 1811

and the Dutch forces surrendered to them at
Salatiga six weeks later. Thomas Stamford Raffles
took over as Lieutenant Governor and began a
vigorous programme of reform in the hopes of
convincing the British government to retain Java
permanently as a colony (as it was to do with the
Cape of Good Hope and Ceylon).
• Raffles’ authority was quickly challenged by the
sultan of Yogyakarta, but in 1812 British forces
attacked, plundered the court of Yogyakarta and
sent the sultan into exile, replacing him with his
pliable son. To keep the court weak, Raffles also
created a new principality within it, the
Pakualaman, with a lesser status similar to that of
the Mangkunegaran within Surakarta.
British possessions in Indonesia, 181
0-1817
Javanese territories ceded to the colonial g
overnments of Daendels and Raffles, 1808
-1812
• Both Daendels and Raffles radically restructured the
administration of the island, reducing the power of
the bupati, changing the taxation system and
turning the village into the basic administrative unit.
Raffles in particular emphasized that ‘native
welfare’ should be an aim of the colonial
government, and he introduced a form of land tax,
called land rent, in an effort to develop a money
economy on the island.
• Raffles’ rule, however, was only brief. At the end of
the Napoleonic Wars, Britain’s policy was to
strengthen the Netherlands as a European
counterweight to France, and in 1816 restored Java
to Dutch rule; the outer territories were restored in
1817.
GENERAL COMMISSIONER (ELOUT,
BUYSKES, VAN DER CAPELLEN) 1816-
1819

ECONOMY:

• THIS TRANSITION GOVERNMENT STILL FACED DILEMA BETWEEN

LIBERAL EXPLOITATION AND CONSERVATIVE EXPLOITATION. BUT
THEY TENDED TO IMPLEMENT LIBERAL SYSTEM.
 CONSERVATIVE: LIBERAL:

EXPLOITATION SHOULD BE EXPLOITATION SHOULD BE

HANDED DIRECTLY BY THE HANDLED BY PRIVATE
GOVERNMENT, BECAUSE COMPANY, THE
THE PEOPLE WAS NOT GOVERNMENT ONLY
READY YET. EARNED TAXES &
CONTROLLED THE
EXPLOITATION.

• LANDRENT POLICY WAS CONTINUED BUT THEY FACED DIFFICULTIES BECAUSE

LANDOWNERSHIP WAS NOT YET DEVELOPED, LACK OF OFFICIALS, LACK OF CASH,
ILLITERATE PEOPLE ETC.
• THE DUTCH COLONIAL GOVERNMENT STEPPED FORWARD TO RENT OUT VILLAGES, THE
BURDEN OF PEOPLE BECAME HARDER  EXPLOITED BY PACHTER
POLITICAL ASPECT:

• CONTINUED TO LESSEN THE AUTHORITY OF

TRADITIONAL BUREAUCRACY/ FEUDALISM
(APANAGE, TRIBUTARY, CURVEE, FEUDALISM
SYMBOLS, ETC.). BUT PREANGER STELSEL WAS
NOT ABOLISHED BECAUSE OF ITS PROFIT. NUMBER
OF REGENT GUARDS WAS LESSENED FROM ABOUT
65 PERSONS TO ABOUT 50 PERSONS.
• 
V. VAN DER CAPELLEN (1819-
1826)

• TENDED TO BE CONSERVATIVE BECAUSE OF PREVIOUS

FAILURE. PRIVATE BUSINESS WAS SEEN AS THREAT
(EUROPE, CHINESE BUSINESSMEN WERE SUPRESSED).
PRIANGAN WAS CLOSED FOR PRIVATE BUSINESS.
• LANDRENT WAS FORBIDEN IN 1823
• RENTING OUT OF LAND TO FOREIGNERS WAS VIOLATION
AGANIST TRADITION. WHILE FOREIGNERS HAD TO BE
LIMITED ONLY IN TRADE. PRODUCTION SHOULD BE IN
HAND OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE.
• LANDRENT SYSTEM INCLUDING ITS LABORS/
PEOPLE DEMAGED THE PEOPLE PROPERTY. THE
PEOPLE REMAINED TO BE POOR.
• LANDRENT SYSTEM IN VORSTENLANDEN LIKED
TORN IN THE FLESH AND DANGEROUS BECAUSE OF
THE LENGHTY CONTRACT (20 YEARS). THIS WOULD
INFLICT TO THE SUCCESSORS AND WOULD CAUSE
SOCIAL UNREST.
• IN 1823 ALL LANDRENT CONTRACTS WERE
ABOLISHED. IT CAUSED SOCIAL DISATISFACTION
AMONG NOBLEMENS AND BUSINESMEN. THEY
HAD TO RETURN BACK MONEY THEY HAD
ALREADY RECEIVED. ONE OF THE FACTOR OF
DIPONEGORO WAR.
• IN 1826 VAN DER CAPELLEN WAS REPLACED BY DU
BUS DE GESIGNES
DU BUS DE GESIGNES (1826-
1830)

• THE MAIN DUTIES  TO MAKE COLONY BETTER:

• RESEARCH ON LANDOWNERSHIP, EXPORT PRODUCTION,
AND MONETARY PROBLEMS.
• LANDOWNERSHIP:
- TO ASSURE PRIVATE OWNERSHIP
- EXTENSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL AREAS
- LANDRENTE WOULD BE CONTINUED
• EXPORT PRODUCTION:
1. MODERNIZATION OF SUGAR INDUSTRY
2. EXPORT DIFFERSIFICATION: TEA, COFFEE,
SUGAR, ETC,
3. INCREASING THE NUMBER INDUSTRIES.
• MONETER:
1. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF JAVASCHE BANK
2. TO EXTENT CREDIT FOR PEASANTS
• BUT THE DIPONEGORO WAR MADE THE DUTCH COLONIAL
GOVERNMENT FACING A SERIOUS FINANCIAL PROBLEM (DEFISIT).
THEY HAD TO FIND A WAY HOW TO EARN MONEY AS MUCH AS
AND AS QUICK AS POSSIBLE.