Wastewater Treatment

System
SECONDARY TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER
Flow Diagram
OBJECTIVES
To give an idea about different processes like filtration,
activated sludge process and use of rotating biological
contactors involved in secondary treatment of waste
water
Classification
Filtration
Activated Sludge Process
FILTRATION
Different types of filters which may be used in sewage
treatment are as under:
a) Contact beds
b) Intermittent sand filters and
c) Trickling filters
Contact beds
Intermittent sand filters
Trickling Filters
Construction and operation
Types of trickling filters
 Conventional trickling filters or standard rate or low
rate trickling filters.
 High rate trickling filters
Merits and demerits of trickling filters
Working is very simple so does not require any skilled
supervision.
They are self-cleaning.
 Mechanical wear and tear is small as they contain less
mechanical equipment.
Moisture content of obtained sludge from these filter
is as high as 99%.
Disadvantages
Fly nuisance
Odour nuisance
Pounding trouble
ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTRACTORS
(RBCs)
Process flow sheet of conventional
anaerobic sewage treatment
Anaerobic Treatment Systems
Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket - UASB
 Anaerobic filter – AF
 Anaerobic fluidized bed
UP FLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET
REACTOR (UASB)
The sewage flows upwards through a layer of sludge.
At the top of the reactor phase, separation between
gas-solid-liquid takes place.
Any biomass leaving the reaction zone is directly
recirculated from the settling zone.
The process is suitable for both soluble wastes and
those containing particulate matter.
The process has been used for treatment of municipal
sewage at few locations and hence performance data
and experience available presently are limited.
Schematic diagram of an Up flow Anaerobic
Sludge Blanket Reactor
 Design Example
Design an up flow sludge blanket reactor for an average
flow of 5 MLD of wastewater with the following data:
1. COD of wastewater = 400 mg/l
2. Design hydraulic residence time = 6 hrs
3. Design COD loading = 1 - 2 kg COD/m3 d
4. Velocity of rise of wastewater in the reactor through
sludge bed = 0.75 m/hr
5. Velocity of wastewater in settling chamber = < 1.5 m/hr
6. Flow area covered by each inlet = 1 - 2 m2
DETERMINE THE DIMENSIONS OF UASBR

Volume of UASBR = 5,000 × (6/24) = 1,250 m3

 Actual volumetric organic loading = [(5×400)/1,250]
kg COD/m3 d = 1.6 [OK as it is between 1-2 kg
COD/m3 d]
Height of wastewater in reactor = Rise velocity×HRT =
0.75×6 = 4.5 m
 Area of Reactor = [1250/4.5] = 277.8 m2
Provide two reactors of 11.8 m×11.8 m×5.25 m (height)
NO. OF INLETS
Assume that each inlet can serve 2.0 m2 of flow area
Number of inlets in each reactor = [138.9/2] = 70
AREA OF SETTLING CHAMBER
Assuming a velocity of 1.2 m/hr in the settling zone
Area of settling chamber in each reactor =
[5,000/(2×24×1.2)] = 86.8 m2
Cleaning of effluent gutters
Cleaning of Feed Inlet Pipes
Removal of Floating Mat
Check of Leakage of Biogas
Scrubbing of Biogas
Check for Sludge Withdrawal Ports
Methanogenic Activity
Hydrogen Sulfide Determination
Sludge Pumping Station Maintenance
Biogas Holder Operation and Maintenance
Annual Maintenance
A first check of the complete system including valves and holes should be
made after one year,
or earlier when required. Routine check can be established on the basis of the
first inspection
observation.
• The effluent gutters should be checked for levelling and alignment once a
year. Each gutter
should be horizontally levelled and all gutters in one reactor should be at the
same level.
• Electrical wiring should be checked every year.
• Corrosion of electrical connections should be corrected every year.
• The cement structures should be checked yearly and repaired when
necessary.
• The sludge filtrate water pumps should be maintained.
 Anaerobic Filter
The Anaerobic Filter is a tank in which microbial cells are
both entrapped as clumps of cells in the interstices between
packing material and as biofilm attached to the surface of
the packing material. The packing or filter media is usually
of naturally crushed rock of 15 mm to 25 mm size or
consisting of plastic or ceramic material. The filter media
should have high specific surface and porosity to allow for
maximum possible film growth and retention of biomass.
The reactor is operated as up flow submerged packed bed
reactor. A number of such filters have been constructed for
treatment of low strength wastes such as municipal sewage
Anaerobic Filter
 Design Example
Design anaerobic filters to treat an average flow of 5 MLD
of wastewater with the following assumptions:
1. COD of the wastewater = 400 mg/l
2. Design COD Loading = 1.0 kg COD/m3 d
3. Depth of media = 1.2 m
DIMENSIONS OF ANAEROBIC FILTER
Total COD load = 5×400 = 2,000 kg COD/d
Volume of anaerobic filters for media= [2,000/1.0] =
2,000 m3
Plan Area of filters = [2,000/1.2] = 1,666.7 m2
Provide two filters of diameter 32.6 m and height 1.5 m
including free board and bottom zone for dispersion of
wastewater and supporting media. 2.2
HRT FOR FILTERS HRT = [2,000/5,000] d = 9.6 hrs
 Anaerobic fluidized bed
The Fluidized Bed reactor is a tank which incorporates
an up flow reactor partly filled with sand or a low
density carrier such as coal or plastic beads. A very large
surface area is provided by the carrier material for
growth of biofilm. The system readily allows passage of
particulates, which could plug a packed bed, but
requires energy for fluidization. Expanded Bed (EB)
reactors do not aim at complete fluidization and use a
lower up flow velocity resulting in lesser energy
requirement. These reactors can be used for treatment
of municipal sewage as well
Anaerobic fluidized bed
WASTE STABILIZATION POND (WSP)
Waste stabilization ponds are open, flow-through
earthen basins specifically designed and constructed
to treat sewage. They provide comparatively long
detention periods extending from a few days to several
days
There are three principal types of WSP:
Anaerobic,
 Facultative, and
 Maturation ponds