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Chapter 8
Confidence Interval Estimation
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 5e © 2008 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 8-1
Learning Objectives
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 5e © 2008 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 8-2
Chapter Outline
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 5e © 2008 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 8-3
Point Estimates
A point estimate is a single number. For the
population mean (and population standard
deviation), a point estimate is the sample mean
(and sample standard deviation).
A confidence interval provides additional
information about variability
Width of
confidence interval
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 5e © 2008 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 8-4
Confidence Interval Estimates
A confidence interval gives a range estimate of
values:
Takes into consideration variation in sample
statistics from sample to sample
Based on all the observations from 1 sample
Gives information about closeness to unknown
population parameters
Stated in terms of level of confidence
Ex. 95% confidence, 99% confidence
Can never be 100% confident
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 5e © 2008 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 8-5
Confidence Interval Estimates
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 5e © 2008 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 8-6
Confidence Level
Confidence Level
Confidence in which the interval will contain the
unknown population parameter
A percentage (less than 100%)
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 5e © 2008 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 8-7
Confidence Level
Suppose confidence level = 95%
Also written (1 - ) = .95
A relative frequency interpretation:
In the long run, 95% of all the confidence
intervals that can be constructed will contain
the unknown true parameter
A specific interval either will contain or will
not contain the true parameter
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 5e © 2008 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 8-8
Confidence Interval for μ
(σ Known)
Assumptions
Population standard deviation σ is known
Population is normally distributed
If population is not normal, use large sample
Confidence interval estimate:
σ
XZ
n
(where Z is the standardized normal distribution critical value
for a probability of α/2 in each tail)
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 5e © 2008 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 8-9
Finding the Critical Value, Z
Consider a 95% confidence interval:
1 .95
α α
.025 .025
2 2
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 5e © 2008 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 8-13
Confidence Interval for μ
(σ Known) Example
σ
X Z
n
2.20 1.96 (.35/ 11 )
2.20 .2068
(1.9932 , 2.4068)
We are 95% confident that the true mean resistance is between
1.9932 and 2.4068 ohms
Although the true mean may or may not be in this interval, 95% of
intervals formed in this manner will contain the true mean
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 5e © 2008 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 8-14
Confidence Interval for μ
(σ Unknown)
If the population standard deviation σ is
unknown, we can substitute the sample
standard deviation, S
This introduces extra uncertainty, since S is
variable from sample to sample
So we use the t distribution instead of the
normal distribution
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 5e © 2008 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 8-15
Confidence Interval for μ
(σ Unknown)
Assumptions
Population standard deviation is unknown
Population is normally distributed
If population is not normal, use large sample
Use Student’s t Distribution
Confidence Interval Estimate: S
X t n-1
n
(where t is the critical value of the t distribution with n-1
d.f. and an area of α/2 in each tail)
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 5e © 2008 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 8-16
Student’s t Distribution
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 5e © 2008 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 8-17
Degrees of Freedom
Idea: Number of observations that are free to vary
after sample mean has been calculated
Example: Suppose the mean of 3 numbers is 8.0
Standard
Normal
(t with df = ∞)
t (df = 13)
t-distributions are bell-
shaped and symmetric, but
have ‘fatter’ tails than the t (df = 5)
normal
0 t
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 5e © 2008 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 8-19
Student’s t Table
Upper Tail Area
Let: n = 3
df .25 .10 .05 df = n - 1 = 2
= .10
1 1.000 3.078 6.314 /2 =.05
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 5e © 2008 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 8-20
Confidence Interval for μ
(σ Unknown) Example
A random sample of n = 25 has X = 50 and S = 8. Form a 95%
confidence interval for μ
d.f. = n – 1 = 24, so
The confidence interval is
S 8
X t/2, n -1 50 (2.0639)
n 25
(46.698 , 53.302)
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 5e © 2008 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 8-21
Confidence Intervals for the
Population Proportion, π
An interval estimate for the population
proportion ( π ) can be calculated by adding
an allowance for uncertainty to the sample
proportion ( p )
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 5e © 2008 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 8-22
Confidence Intervals for the
Population Proportion, π
Recall that the distribution of the sample proportion is
approximately normal if the sample size is large, with
standard deviation
(1 )
σp
n
We will estimate this with sample data:
p(1 p)
n
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 5e © 2008 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 8-23
Confidence Intervals for the
Population Proportion, π
Upper and lower confidence limits for the population proportion
are calculated with the formula
p(1 p)
pZ
n
where
Z is the standardized normal value for the level of
confidence desired
p is the sample proportion
n is the sample size
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 5e © 2008 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 8-24
Confidence Intervals for the
Population Proportion, Example
A random sample of 100 people shows that 25 have opened
IRA’s this year. Form a 95% confidence interval for the true
proportion of the population who have opened IRA’s.
p Z p(1 p)/n
25/100 1.96 .25(.75)/100
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 5e © 2008 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 8-26
Determining Sample Size
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 5e © 2008 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 8-27
Determining Sample Size
To determine the required sample size for the
mean, you must know:
The desired level of confidence (1 - ), which
determines the critical Z value
The acceptable sampling error (margin of
error), e
The standard deviation, σ
2 2
σ Z σ
eZ Now solve
n
n for n to get
e 2
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 5e © 2008 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 8-28
Determining Sample Size
Z 2 σ 2 (1.645)2 (45)2
n 2
2
219.19
e 5
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 5e © 2008 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 8-29
Determining Sample Size
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 5e © 2008 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 8-30
Determining Sample Size
To determine the required sample size for the proportion,
you must know:
The desired level of confidence (1 - ), which
determines the critical Z value
The acceptable sampling error (margin of error), e
The true proportion of “successes”, π
π can be estimated with a pilot sample, if necessary (or
conservatively use π = .50)
(1 ) Now solve Z (1 )
2
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 5e © 2008 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 8-32
Determining Sample Size
Solution:
For 95% confidence, use Z = 1.96
e = .03
p = .12, so use this to estimate π
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 5e © 2008 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 8-33
Applications in Auditing
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 5e © 2008 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 8-34
Applications in Auditing
Can provide more accurate conclusions on the
population
Examination of the population can be time
consuming and subject to more nonsampling error
Samples can be combined and evaluated by
different auditors
Samples are based on scientific approach
Samples can be treated as if they have been done
by a single auditor
Objective evaluation of the results is possible
Based on known sampling error
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 5e © 2008 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 8-35
Population Total Amount
Point estimate:
Population total NX
S Nn
NX N ( t n1 )
n N 1
(This is sampling without replacement, so use the finite population correction
in the confidence interval formula)
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 5e © 2008 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 8-36
Population Total Amount
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 5e © 2008 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 8-37
Population Total Amount
S Nn
N X N (t n 1 )
n N 1
22.3 1000 80
(1000)(87.6) (1000)(1.9905)
80 1000 1
87,600 4,762.48
Total Difference ND
D i
D i 1
n
where D i audited value - original value
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 5e © 2008 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 8-39
Confidence Interval for
Total Difference
Confidence interval estimate:
SD Nn
ND N ( t n1 )
n N 1
where n
i
(D D ) 2
SD i1
n 1
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 5e © 2008 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 8-40
One Sided Confidence
Intervals
Application: find the upper bound for the proportion of items that
do not conform with internal controls
p(1 p) N n
Upper bound p Z
n N 1
where
Z is the standardized normal value for the level of
confidence desired
p is the sample proportion of items that do not conform
n is the sample size
N is the population size
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 5e © 2008 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 8-41
Ethical Issues
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 5e © 2008 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 8-42
Chapter Summary
In this chapter, we have
Introduced the concept of confidence intervals
Discussed point estimates
Developed confidence interval estimates
Created confidence interval estimates for the mean
(σ known)
Determined confidence interval estimates for the
mean (σ unknown)
Created confidence interval estimates for the
proportion
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 5e © 2008 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 8-43
Chapter Summary
In this chapter, we have
Determined required sample size for mean and
proportion settings
Developed applications of confidence interval
estimation in auditing
Confidence interval estimation for population total
Confidence interval estimation for total difference in
the population
One sided confidence intervals
Addressed confidence interval estimation and ethical
issues
Statistics for Managers Using Microsoft Excel, 5e © 2008 Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 8-44