CHEMICAL

BONDS
AND
REACTION
S
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES
DISPERSION FORCES
DEFINITION OF TERMS

 ELECTRONEGATIVITY - is a measure of an atom's ability to

attract shared electrons to itself
 ELECTRON AFFINITY - is a measure of an atom’s ability to
attract electrons
DEFINITION OF TERMS
 POLAR MOLECULES - occur when there is an
electronegativity difference between the bonded atoms.
 NONPOLAR MOLECULES - occur when electrons are shared
equal between atoms of a diatomic molecule or when
polar bonds in a larger molecule cancel each other out.
 LIKE attracts LIKE
THE KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY
SOLIDS – molecules are held rigidly in a position with
virtually no freedom of motion. So that they have a definite
volume and shape.

LIQUIDS – the molecules are so close together that there is

little empty space. Allowing for a definite volume but taking
the shape of it’s container.

GAS - Distance between gas molecules are so great at

ordinary temperatures and pressures that there is no real
interaction between gas molecules.
ATTRACTION OF MOLECULES
There are 2 types of attraction in molecules:
intramolecular bonds & intermolecular forces

intramolecular bonds – (ionic, covalent, polar covalent,

metallic)

intermolecular forces - the attraction between molecules:

Dispersion (London) Forces
Dipole-Dipole Forces
Hydrogen Bonding
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
Keep in mind that intramolecular forces are forces within a
molecule, and intermolecular forces are between molecules.
DIPOLE- DIPOLE FORCES
We have seen that molecules can have a separation of charge
POLAR & NON-POLAR molecules
These are attractive forces between polar molecules.
These also happen in both ionic and polar bonds
(the greater the ΔEN, the greater the dipoles)

Δ – Change
EN - Electronegativity
 Molecules are attracted to each other in a compound by these
positive and negative forces
HYDROGEN BONDING
 H-bonding is a special type of dipole - dipole attraction
that is very strong
 It occurs when F, O, or N are bonded to H

 They are given a special name (H-bonding) because

compounds containing these forces are important in
biological systems
DISPERSION (LONDON) FORCES
 If Non-polar molecules do not have dipoles like polar
molecules. How, then, can non-polar compounds form solids
or liquids?
 London forces (also called van der Waal forces) are due to
small dipoles that exist in non-polar molecules
 Because electrons are moving around in atoms there will be
instants when the charge around an atom is not symmetrical
DISPERSION (LONDON) FORCES

 The resulting tiny dipoles cause attractions between

atoms/molecules (the greater the mass, the greater the
London forces)
DISPERSION (LONDON) FORCES
 The attractive forces that arise as a result of temporary
dipoles induced in atoms or molecules.
This happens when something (cation or polar compound)
“throws off” the distribution of electrons in an atom or
molecule.
DISPERSION (LONDON) FORCES
 The attractive forces that arise as a result of temporary
dipoles induced in atoms or molecules.
This happens when something (cation or polar compound)
“throws off” the distribution of electrons in an atom or
molecule.
DISPERSION (LONDON) FORCES
 The attractive forces that arise as a result of temporary
dipoles induced in atoms or molecules.
These forces can only occur in non-polar molecules.

As molar mass (MM) increases the dispersion forces

become stronger, consequently the boiling point of non-
polar molecules tend to increase with MM
CONCLUSION
 The bigger the IMF’s, the more energy it takes to overcome them . . . . . .
thus

 The bigger the IMF’s, the higher the melting and boiling point

 Bonds are stronger than IMF’s, so the melting and boiling points of
covalent network solids (i.e.. diamond), ionic compounds (i.e.. salts), and
metals (i.e.. iron) are much higher than molecular substances (i.e.. water)