EE-300 Electrical Machines for Mechanical Engineering

Lecture-03
Text Book
“Electric Machinery Fundamentals”
By
Stephen J. Chapman
Impedance Transformation
(to simplify the circuit for calculations)
 THE IDEAL TRANSFORMER (cont…..

Impedance Transformation (to simplify the circuit for calculations)

VL VS Ip Is= IL
Load Impedance: ZL = =
IL IS
' VP Z L'  Vp Z L  Vs ZL
Primary Impedance: Z =
L
IP
VP I S N P
From    a  turn ration
VS I P N S
IS
As VP = aVS and IP =
a
' VP aVS 2 VS
Z = = =a
L
IP IS IS
a
'
'
Z = a ZL
L
2 Eliminated Magnetic
Coupling – Simple Circuit
VP ZL'  a 2 ZL ZL
Example-1 For the iron core transformer of Fig: Find the input impedance of
the transformer (OR transform the 2k to the primary side)
Is= 100mA
Ip
Vs 200V
R   2k
Is 100mA
VP=1600V R/ R Vs=200V R= 2k
/V
R  P
IP

VP 1600
a   8  turns ratio (Transforma tion ratio)
VS 200
Ip

R /  a 2R
VP=1600V R/ R/= 128k
 R /  8 2 x 2k  128k

1600V IS 100mA
Now IP   0.0125A  12.5mA OR IP    12.5mA
128k a 8
Example-2
Rsource=512 Rsource=512 Ispeaker
Isource

V=120V
R/ R(speaker)=8 
V=120V R(speaker)=8  Source
Isource
8 :1
Source
NP
a  8 (8 : 1 ratio)
120 V NS
Isource   230.8mA
512  8I R /  a 2R ( spea ker)  8 2.8  512

2
Re fered to the primary
Power to the spea ker isource R( spea ker)
2 Rsource=512 Isource
 ( 230.8mA ) .8  0.43W
R/ = 512 
V=120V

Source
2
Power to the spea ker isource R / ( spea ker) 120V
Isource   117 .19mA
 (117 .19mA) 2 .512  7.032W 512  512I
 Example 3
A 100-kVA, 2400/240-V, 60-Hz step-down transformer (ideal) is used between
a transmission line and a distribution system.
(i) Determine turns ratio. (a=?)

Turns ratio, a = 2400 / 240 = 10

(ii) What secondary load impedance ( ZL? ) will

cause the transformer to be fully loaded (rated
load). Is=?
Is= 100,000/240 = 416.67 A 240V ZL=? 100kVA

 ZL= Vs/Is = 240/416.7 = 0.576 ohm

(iii) what is the corresponding primary current (IP)?

Ip = Is /a = 416.67 / 10 = 41.67 A

iv) Find the load impedance referred to the primary.

Load impedance Z’L referred to the primary: = a2 0.576 = 57.6 ohm

Assignment -1: Due next class – Make sure to write your
name and Reg-ID.

In Example 2
(a) Transform Primary side (source) impedance to the
secondary side.
(b)Transform the source to the secondary side.
(c) Find the secondary side (Ispeaker) current.
(d)Find the source current
(e) Why transformers rating (capacity) are given in VA (KVA)
Line Losses?

Vload?
 V =480/0o

-37.8o

Iline =90.8/-37.8o
 V =480/0o

-0.9o

Vload =454/-0.9o
Do We consider
Load Losses???
Solution (b)
Solution (b)
Solution (b)
Solution (b)
Solution (b)
Solution (b)
 Without With
Transformer Transformer
Transmission 1484 Watts 16.4 Watts
Line Losses
Load Voltage 454/-0.9o V 479.7/-0.01o V

Load Current 90.8/-37.8o A

95.94/-36.88o I
 Real Single Phase Transformer

• The characteristics of a real Transformer approximate

the characteristics of an ideal transformer only to a
certain degree.

• Flux passing through each turn of a coil is slightly

different from the flux in the other turns, depending on
the position of the turn within a coil.

• Some of the Flux lines leave the iron core and pass
through the air are responsible for leakage flux.