Nanocellulose: A Sustainable Biomass Material with Versatile Applications in Healthcare System

Harsha Farenjiya Khatik* and Preeti K. Suresh

University Institute of Pharmacy, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
*email: farenjiyaharsha@gmail.com

Abstract Standard Classification based on size

Cellulose
Cellulose is one of the most abundant and ubiquitous biopolymer in the world. In recent years , it has gained high attention due to the nanomaterial
significant development of bio-products based on different cellulosic forms. The interdisciplinary research work in the fields of
nanotechnology and polymer science proposed cellulose at nanostructural level with the advent of " Nanocellulose", that display additional
potential properties in terms of mechanical strength, high surface area, recyclable, renewable, eco-friendly and non-toxic nature. The Nano-objects Nano-structured
dimension of nanocellulose does not exceed 100 nm in one dimension. These nanostructures include nanofibrils, nanofibres, nanowhiskers,
nanorods, nanocrystals and nanoballs. The innovative approaches within the realms of biomedical engineering and pharmaceutical Cellulose
technology have introduced new avenues in healthcare system. Also, the various types of nanocellulose, preparation methods, its wide range Cellulose microfibril(CMF)
nanofiber Cellulose microcrystal (CMC)
of pharmaceutical applications such as drug delivery, medical implants, leukocyte blood-free transfusions, bucodental formulation, tissue width: 10-100 nm
scaffolds and in healthcare sanitation products are also described. Moreover, an outlook on challenges and future prospects is also given. It width: 10-15 µm – L /D < 2 length:0.5-50 µm
can be concluded that being the bearer of such unique properties, nanocellulose is a feasible candidate for replacing petroleum based
products. Also, by expanding the knowledge in this area and finding new chemical modification techniques, stumbling blocks can be Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) Cellulose nanofibril (CNF)
removed for crucial applications of biocompatible product development. width: 3-10 nm – L /D > 5 width: 5-30 nm – L /D > 50
   

Keywords: nanocrystalline cellulose, interdisciplinary, nanocellulose, healthcare, biocompatible, biopolymer .

Preparation Methods

MECHANICAL POST-
Introduction PRETREATMENT
METHODS TREATMENT
METHODS
METHODS
Nanocelluloses are bio-based nanomaterials that have been studied for decades. They are now well controlled in shape and surface
chemistry. Furthermore, their recent industrial production had made them available for applications at a large-scale production. As such,
there is a growing interest for its various applications. Their ability to stabilise interfaces has allowed to develop a large range of biphasic
systems. Increasing environmental awareness is prompting scientists and manufacturers to develop strategies for environmental • Bleaching • High-Pressure • Carboxy-
sustainability. Nanocellulose offers a large range of new opportunities that makes them good candidates to replace petroleum-based
surfactants and polymers. Three main characteristics of nanocelluloses that provide a number of benefits for formulations are as follows:- • Alkaline homogenization methylation
(a) irreversible adsorption at the interface, resulting in highly stable structures; (b) a rod-like shape that gives rise to a percolating network, hydrolysis • Microfluidization • Acetylation
thus increasing cohesion and stability; and (c) a nontoxic, abundant and renewable source. It gives important opportunities for future
applications.
• TEMPO- • Grinding • Isocyanate
Oxidation • Cryocrushing • Silylation
• Ionic liquids
Idea of Applying Nanotechnology to Cellulose • High-intensity
• Enzymatic • Ultrasonification
Why Cellulose? Due to its Supermolecular Structure. hydrolysis • Ball Milling
• Hydroxyl
β(1 4)Glycosidic link Ordered Crystalline Region Group rich • Steam Explosion
• Abundant
• Renewable • Electrospinning
• Biodegradable
• Hydrophilic • Centrifugation
Non-reducing end Anhydroglucopyranose unit Reducing end still water-
Cellobiose unit
Disordered Amorphous Region insoluble • Dialysis
Cellulose hygroscopic nature & lack of melting properties.

High Variability in diameter & length of Cellulose that causes improper dispersion. Nanocellulose applications in Healthcare system
To add some potential properties to cellulose via Quantum effects. For instance :-
• By alter thermal properties (eg. 3mm CdSe nanocrystal melts at 700K compared to Bulk CdSe at 1678 K) ROLE IN DRUG DELIVERY
• By create entangled networks that improve Mechanical Properties
• With high amount of adsorption sites
• With Significant Brownian motion,
• By acquiring unique optical properties as absorption & luminescence spectra change at nano-level. FREEZE DRIED NANOCELLULOSE AEROGELS

COSMETICS
Nano
Cellulose Nanocellulose
technology HAEMODIALYSIS MEMBRANES

DENTAL TREATMENTS

Properties of Nanocellulose Over Cellulose

TISSUE BIOSCAFFOLDS FOR CELLULAR NATURE

• High Surface area (150-250m2)

• High Aspect ratio DRUG-GENE THERAPY
• Transparency-
• High Strength with Modulus upto 167 GPa
• Light in weight with low density 1.6gm/cc ANTIBACTERIAL NANOMATERIAL
• Electrical Conductivity
• Thermal Conductivity
• High Water Binding Capacity
• Biocompatible as well as Haemocompatible
• Has high degradation temperature
Challenges, Future trends & Conclusion
• Have Multiple Fabrication Methods
• Non-toxic
CHALLENGES SOLUTIONS
• Recyclable FUTURE TRENDS & CONCLUSION
• Aggregation & • Freeze Drying or
agglomeration Nanocellulose continue to gain great attention from
Sources of Cellulose tendencies
Supercritical Drying
researchers all over the world, more understanding, and
• Explore cheaper sources i.e., applications with improved technology towards
• High Production cost from waste materials & need to production will rapidly be developed.
& low yield add supplements for better yield And thereby New Tiny secrets of nature can be explore
that has held for centuries
• Hydrophilic Nature • Need New Green Chemical
modification
• Dispersion in polymer
• Need new polymer
matrices &
processing methods
Incompatible
BACTERIA NANO ALGAE sometimes
CELLULOSE

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