EVALUATON OF 3D

PRINTING OF ADMIXTURE MOHAMAD IZWAN SAIFUDIN BIN MOHD ZAINURI

GD180014
CONCRETE GEOPOLYMER SUPERVISOR:
MATERIAL FOR CONCRETE PROF MADYA. IR. DR. MD SAIDIN BIN WAHAB
PANEL 1: PROF . DR . MOHD AMRI BIN LAJIS
STRUCTURE PANEL 2: DR SHAZAREL BIN SAMSUDIN

26 Dec 12.00 CADCAM 1 LAB

2018 -12.30 PM (G2 FKMP)
Wednesda
y

COLLOQIUM 1 - Master of Mechanical Engineering (By Reasearch - KDM)

 OUTLINE

1.Background
2.Research Route
3.Problem Statement
4.Objective
5.Scope
6.Literature Review
7.Methodology
8.References

COLLOQIUM 1 - Master of Mechanical Engineering (By Reasearch - KDM)

 BACKGROUND

COLLOQIUM 1 - Master of Mechanical Engineering (By Reasearch - KDM)

 RESEARCH ROUTE

COLLOQIUM 1 - Master of Mechanical Engineering (By Reasearch - KDM)

 PROBLEM STATEMENT

COLLOQIUM 1 - Master of Mechanical Engineering (By Reasearch - KDM)

 OBJECTIVE

COLLOQIUM 1 - Master of Mechanical Engineering (By Reasearch - KDM)

 SCOPE

COLLOQIUM 1 - Master of Mechanical Engineering (By Reasearch - KDM)

 LITERATURE REVIEW

COLLOQIUM 1 - Master of Mechanical Engineering (By Reasearch - KDM)

 METHODOLOGY

COLLOQIUM 1 - Master of Mechanical Engineering (By Reasearch - KDM)

 REFERENCES

COLLOQIUM 1 - Master of Mechanical Engineering (By Reasearch - KDM)

 Background

Smart Printed Printing Curing Product

Textile Electronics Technology Process Test
Fabric design Electrical Automatic fluid Process to The printed
component dispensing solidify the product will
with electrical fabricated using system (FISNAR conductive ink by undergoes three
component printing F4200N) are manipulating type of test in
attached to it. technology with method use in heat to dry out order to identify
Sensor use must the aid of fabricating the the unwanted its mechanical,
be flexible and conductive ink. flexible sensor. solvent and and electrical
tough to handle binder in the properties and its
conductive ink. capability in
everyday use.
performing in
real life
application.

Master Project 2 - Master of Mechanical Engineering (MDM)

 Problem Statement

Smart textile application requires the electronic structure to be

flexible. This is because the electronic structure comes in
contact with human body motion and fluid. Conventional
electronic structure are unable to provide the necessities in
smart textile application due to its rigid and low flexibility
nature exhibit from conventional metallic foil fabrication.
Master Project 2 - Master of Mechanical Engineering (MDM)
 Problem Statement

Inspection for structural health of the turbine blade was made

based on schedule method and using non-contact type method.
Without constant monitoring, wind turbine blade may get
damaged during off-schedule thus causing severe damage to
the consumer. To avoid the problem, sensor need to be
embedded on the surface of turbine blade. However, there are
no direct printed technique for non planar substrates thus a
new methodMaster
needProject
to be 2 - employed.
Master of Mechanical Engineering (MDM)
 Problem Statement

Most common printing technique printing techniques only capable

of printing on planar substrates. Other than that, specific type of ink
need to be used for each printing technique (same
manufacturer) as different solid fraction (viscosity) in the ink
may cause clogging. Lastly, most printing technique suffers
from limited number of substrates print with. An alternative
method in fabricating flexible sensor through printing
technology Master
needProject
to be2 determined.
- Master of Mechanical Engineering (MDM)
 Objectives

To investigate the To determine the changes Determine the product

feasibility of fluid of electrical properties lifetime of the printed
dispensing system on when the printed strain strain gauge in terms of
printing electronics gauge is subjected to maximum bending
structure (strain gauge) bending deformation. deformation.
on non-planar substrates.

Master Project 2 - Master of Mechanical Engineering (MDM)

 Scope
Printing
• Using FISNAR F4200N robot as automatic fluid
dispensing system
• Nozzle deposition height and printing speed
as controlled parameter (fabric substrates).
• Printing speed and printing pressure as
controlled parameter (curvature substrates).
• AG 806 Silver epoxy use as conductive ink.

Curing
• Hotplate curing with the aid of DLP (fabric
substrates)
• Oven curing (Curvature Substrates)
• Curing time and curing temperature as
controlled parameter.

Morphological Analysis
• Line width
• Line thickness
• Cross sectional area
• Total length

Master Project 2 - Master of Mechanical Engineering (MDM)

 Scope
Mechanical Analysis
• Manual scratch test
• Hardness tester using micro hardness tester
(ASTM E92)
• Adhesion test using crosshatch pattern (ASTM
D3359)

Electrical Analysis
• Resistance (Digital Multi-meter)
• Resistivity (IV test station)
• Conductivity (Calculation)

Functional Test
• Bending angle test (Fabric substrates)
• Bending curvature radius (curvature
substrates)
• Relationship between electrical, mechanical
and morphological analysis

Master Project 2 - Master of Mechanical Engineering (MDM)

 Literature Table
4. Functional Test

Master Project 2 - Master of Mechanical Engineering (MDM)

 Literature Table
4. Functional Test

Master Project 2 - Master of Mechanical Engineering (MDM)

 Literature Table
4. Functional Test

Master Project 2 - Master of Mechanical Engineering (MDM)

 Literature Review
1. Smart Textile

• The electronic sensor should come in small size so that it can

embedded into textile.
• Sensor should also be flexible and tough so that it can handle
everyday use, moisture and other type of typical stress
• Wide variations in human body shape make it hard to develop
standardized sensor which can be used on all part of the body
• Manufacturing technologies for smart textiles only support low-
volume textiles, special-purpose garment and electronics

Master Project 2 - Master of Mechanical Engineering (MDM)

 Literature Review
2. Printing Technology

Inkjet Printing:
• High solid fractions in nozzles may inevitably results
in clogging.
• Non-uniform surface morphology and bad shape
fidelity
• UHF RFID Antenna printed on Polyimide (PI) (Hu et al.,
2014).
Flexography Printing:
• Substrates will undergoes a series of station for the
image to be printed
• Printing process that limited only to flat and flexible
surface.
• Flexible strain gauge on paper substrates (Maddipatla
et al., 2015).
Screen Printing:
• Based on stencil process, also as one of the prominent
technique for non-contact alongside inkjet and die
coating.
• Wide range of substrates
• Flexible strain gauge on Polyethyleneterephtalate
(PET) substrates (Moorthi et al., 2012).
Master Project 2 - Master of Mechanical Engineering (MDM)
 Literature Review
3. Conductive Ink

Copper conductive ink Silver Conductive Ink

Several type of conductive ink in the market such as copper, silver,

gold and platinum. Copper and silver are the choice of researcher.
Copper comes in real cheap price in the cost of difficulties on its
handling and low conductivity properties. Silver however exhibit a
good conductivity properties comparable to gold and platinum, also
easy to handle. The price are not cheap but it is affordable for research
use.
Master Project 2 - Master of Mechanical Engineering (MDM)
 Literature Review
4. Functional Test

Bending Deformation Test Wheatstone cantilever beam

Similarities
 Using bending movement
Differences
 Focusing in determine the overall  Focusing only in determining the
electrical properties. changes of resistance occur in the
 Most selected procedure use by strain gauge
researcher for flexible strain gauge.  Often use by industries in calibration
of conventional strain gauge

Master Project 2 - Master of Mechanical Engineering (MDM)

 Methodology

Master Project 2 - Master of Mechanical Engineering (MDM)

 Table of Experiment
Fabric Substrates Curvature Substrates

Experiment Speed Height Temperature Time Experiment Speed Pressure Temperature Time
(mm/s) (mm) (ºC) (min) (mm/s) (bar) (ºC) (min)
1 3 0.5 110 15 1 4 0.6 140 30
2 3 1 130 30 2 4 0.7 160 40
3 3 1.5 150 45 3 4 0.8 180 50
4 4 0.5 130 45 4 5 0.6 160 50
5 4 1 150 15 5 5 0.7 180 30
6 4 1.5 110 30 6 5 0.8 140 40
7 5 0.5 150 30 7 6 0.6 180 40
8 5 1 110 45 8 6 0.7 140 50
9 5 1.5 130 15 9 6 0.8 160 30

  4 parameter, 3 level, 2
substrates

Master Project 2 - Master of Mechanical Engineering (MDM)

 Result
Sample Printing Height Width Thickness Sample Time (min) Temperature Resistance
Speed Deposition (°C) (Ω)
1 3 0.5 2.359 0.795 3 45 150 1.53
2 3 1 2.228 0.793 7 30 150 1.64
3 3 1.5 2.176 0.797 4 45 130 1.65
4 4 0.5 2.184 0.754 5 15 150 1.94
5 4 1 2.043 0.749 8 45 110 2.09
6 4 1.5 1.85 0.747 2 30 130 2.16
7 5 0.5 2.031 0.732 6 30 110 2.21
8 5 1 1.785 0.721 9 15 130 2.37
9 5 1.5 1.632 0.735 1 15 110 8.31
Sample Area / Length Resistance Conductivity
• Line width and thickness decreases
7 0.006942 1.64 87894.14 as the print speed and height
3 0.008071 1.53 80981.79 deposition increase.
8 0.006044 2.09 79160.2 • Resistance are lower when curing
4 0.007662 1.65 79098.62 time and temperature higher.
9 0.005654 2.37 74629.01 • The best conductivity of the ink
5 0.007143 1.94 72160.24
track depends on low area/length
6 0.00648 2.21 69823.95
2 0.008212 2.16 56374.02
ratio and low value of resistance.
1 0.008691 8.31 13846.67
Master Project 2 - Master of Mechanical Engineering (MDM)
 Result
Sample Initial Final Max
Changes of Resistance for each Bending Angle Resistance Resistance Bending
16 (Ω) (Ω) angle (°)
5 1.94 15.2 70
14 7 1.64 6.42 60
6 2.21 4.2 50
12 Sample 1 1 8.31 10.13 50
Sample 2
4 1.65 3.5 40
10 Sample 3
Sample 4 2 2.16 3.62 40
Resistance (Ω)

8 Sample 5 9 2.37 3.99 40

Sample 6 3 1.53 2.28 30
6 Sample 7 8 2.09 3.21 30
Sample 8
4 Sample 9 • Sample 5 is the best in term of
elasticity, it can be bend up to 70°
2
• The elasticity value depends on
0 the cross section area of the ink
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
track and the hardness value of
Bending Angle (°)
the ink track.

Master Project 2 - Master of Mechanical Engineering (MDM)

 Result
Sample Printing Printing Width Thickness Sample Time (min) Temperature Resistance
Speed Pressure (°C) (Ω)
1 4 0.6 1.965 0.672 2 40 160 1.12
2 4 0.7 2.034 0.839 5 30 180 1.24
3 4 0.8 2.239 1.082 9 30 160 1.46
4 5 0.6 1.852 0.521 4 50 160 1.89
5 5 0.7 1.921 0.642 8 50 140 2.08
6 5 0.8 2.187 0.885 6 40 140 2.21
7 6 0.6 1.705 0.482 1 30 140 2.48
8 6 0.7 1.895 0.574 7 40 180 3.62
9
Sample Area6/ Length Resistance
0.8 1.944 0.812
Conductivity 3 50 180 3.68

• Line width and thickness decreases

5 0.005774 1.24 139677.784
as the print speed increase.
4 0.004524 1.89 116941.5632
• Line width and thickness increases
2 0.007968 1.12 112054.0878
8 0.005095 2.08 94354.49196
as the printing pressure increase.
9 0.007386 1.46 92734.21925
• Excessive increase in heat energy
7 0.003867 3.62 71438.1226
for curing process may get the ink
1 0.006176 2.48 65294.25517 track to overcured.
6 0.009005 2.21 50248.46673
3 0.011258 3.68 24138.09562

Master Project 2 - Master of Mechanical Engineering (MDM)

 Result
Sample Initial Final Max
Resistance changes for bending radius of each sample Resistance Resistance Bending
(Ω) (Ω) (cm)
10
9 7 3.62 9.91 3
9 1.46 2.82 4
8
8 2.08 3.17 4
7 5 1.24 3.84 4
6 Initial Value 4 1.89 2.14 5
Resistance (Ω)

5 5cm 2 1.12 - -
4cm 6 2.21 - -
4 3cm
1 2.48 - -
2cm
3 3 3.68 - -
2
1
0
Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample Sample
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Number of Sample

Strain introduced are in form of curvature bending radius. The lower the bending
curvature radius, the higher the strain of the ink track. Four of the sample break
on the first bending test. The one manage to past the bending test exhibit the
same trend as fabric substrates. As mention, the flexibility of the sample are
depending on the cross section area and the hardness value of ink track.

Master Project 2 - Master of Mechanical Engineering (MDM)

 Conclusion
• Fabricated strain gauge capable in
determining different strain induced to it by
the changes of electrical resistance
properties in it.
• The maximum bending deformation have
determined; 70° bending angle for fabric
substrates, 3cm bending radius for curvature
substrates.
• Functional strain gauge have been
fabricated, showing that automatic fluid
dispensing are a feasible technique in
fabricating flexible electronic.

Master Project 2 - Master of Mechanical Engineering (MDM)

 Publication

MF. Ngadiron, Rd. Khairilhijra’ . Performance evaluation of flexible strain

gauge printed using fluid dispensing system on fabric substrates. (Prepared
for submission)

ABSTRACT - Smart textile requires flexible electronics that can withstand everyday typical
stress. Printing technology gives the leisure of flexibility properties on electronic thus allowing it to
be used on smart textiles. However, current printing techniques suffer from ink incompatibility
and limited of substrates to be printed with. An alternative of fabrication flexible printed
electronics are being propose are automatic fluid dispensing system. Strain gauge fabricated
using this method are proven functional. It can detect different strain induced to it through the
changes of resistance in it. Average resistance of the strain gauge may increase more than 200%
of its original value before the elasticity of the strain gauge start to break. The strain gauge also
exhibit an excellence value in elasticity of the strain gauge. The strain gauge can be bend up to
80° bending angle.

Master Project 2 - Master of Mechanical Engineering (MDM)

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Master Project 2 - Master of Mechanical Engineering (MDM)

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Master Project 2 - Master of Mechanical Engineering (MDM)
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Master Project 2 - Master of Mechanical Engineering (MDM)
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Master Project 2 - Master of Mechanical Engineering (MDM)

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Master Project 2 - Master of Mechanical Engineering (MDM)
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Master Project 2 - Master of Mechanical Engineering (MDM)
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Master Project 2 - Master of Mechanical Engineering (MDM)

 The End

Master Project 2 - Master of Mechanical Engineering (MDM)

 Bending Test

Master Project 2 - Master of Mechanical Engineering (MDM)