ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING –II

SEWAGE / WASTE WATER

TREATMENT
BY
ENGR. SHIVA NATH
LECTURER

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

COAGULATION OF SEWAGE / WASTE WATER

 The sedimentation of sewage can be assisted by adding

certain chemicals, known as coagulants.
 Coagulations is the destabilization of collide particles by the
addition of chemicals. OR
 The process of removal of suspended solids in water by
chemical agents is known as coagulation.
 The coagulants react with colloidal matter in the sewage
and form the floc i.e. to form larger settleable particles.
 The coagulants commonly used in sewage are alum
(Al2SO4), chlorinated coppers, lime, ferric sulphate, ferric
chloride, sodium sulphate, Sulphur dioxide etc.
COAGULATION OF SEWAGE / WASTE WATER
Applications and Advantages:
 Coagulation is carried out for the filtration and purification
of industrial and domestic waster water.
 The chemical sedimentation is found to be more effective
than plain sedimentation.
 The coagulation of sewage results into the reduction of
BOD, color, and turbidity of sewage.
(2) SECONDARY/ BILOGICAL TREATMENT

 The effluent that is coming from primary clarifiers

contains about 45-50% of unstable organic matter
present in sewage.
 The sewage is then prepared to receive the
secondary treatment.
 This involves treating the liquid part of the
wastewater biologically. It’s carried out after
primary treatment.
 The purpose of this treatment is to remove the
organic matter and nitrogen from waste water.
 A group of micro-organisms called bacteria are
employed to do the job.
(2) SECONDARY/ BILOGICAL TREATMENT

 The secondary treatment involves broadly the

following two methods.
(1) Filtration (Attached growth process)

(i) Trickling filters

(ii) Contact beds

(iii) Intermittent sand filters

(2) Activated sludge process(Suspended growth

process)
(2) SECONDARY/ BILOGICAL TREATMENT
A) TRICKLING FILTERS:
(2) SECONDARY/ BILOGICAL TREATMENT
A) TRICKLING FILTERS:
 Trickling filters (TFs) are used to remove organic
matter from wastewater.
 They are also known as percolating filters or
sprinkling filters.
 The sewage is allowed to sprinkle or to trickle over
a bed of coarse rock, sand, plastic (filter media) etc.
and it’s then drainage through the underdrainage
system.
 The TF works on the principle of “attached growth
process”.
“Attached growth process”
Waste water treatment process in which the micro
organisms and bacteria treating the wastes are
attached to the media (rock, sand, plastic etc.) in the
tank. The waste being treated flow over the media.
(2) SECONDARY/ BILOGICAL TREATMENT
A) TRICKLING FILTERS:
 A bacterial film known as a bio-film is formed
around the particles of filtering media and for the
existence of this film, the air (oxygen) is supplied.
 The color of this film is blackish, greenish and
yellowish which consists of bacteria, algae,
protozoa etc.
Design aspects:
 The structure of the TF is like a well
 The effective depth of trickling filter is generally
kept 1.8m to 2.4m
 The minimum two TF should be provided so that
one can be taken out for repairs etc.
(2) SECONDARY/ BILOGICAL TREATMENT
B) AERATION TANK / ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PROCESS:
Purpose and Application:
To oxidize and remove soluble or finely divided suspended
materials that were not removed by previous treatment
(preliminary and primary).
It is the most common suspended growth process used for
municipal/industrial waste water treatment.
Activated sludge:
“The term activated sludge is used to indicate the
sludge which is obtained by settling sewage in the
presence of abundant oxygen”
(2) SECONDARY/ BILOGICAL TREATMENT
B) AERATION TANK / ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PROCESS:
Action of Activated sludge:
(2) SECONDARY/ BILOGICAL TREATMENT
B) AERATION TANK / ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PROCESS:
Action of Activated sludge:
 The activated sludge is biologically active and it
contains great number of bacteria and other
micro-organisms which have got the property to
oxidize the organic matter.
 The activated sludge is mixed with the sewage
containing sufficient quantity of oxygen due to
which the bacteria and micro-organisms present
in activated sludge multiply rapidly.
 Due to multiple growth of bacteria organic solids
oxidize rapidly and suspended and colloidal
matters coagulate and settles down.
(2) SECONDARY/ BILOGICAL TREATMENT
B) AERATION TANK / ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PROCESS:

Mixing of Activated sludge:

 The activated sludge is mixed with raw or
settled sewage. The activated sludge is then
added to the primary clarifier.
Aeration:
 The mixed liquor containing both activated
sludge and sewage is agitated or aerated in
aeration tank.
(2) SECONDARY/ BILOGICAL TREATMENT
B) AERATION TANK / ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PROCESS:
Settling in secondary clarifier
 The mixed liquor after agitation is taken to the
secondary clarifiers. The sludge is allowed to
settle in this tank.
 The settled sludge is activated sludge and the
portion of it’s sent for re-circulation which works
as activated sludge again.
 The remaining sludge is taken to the sludge
digestion tank and then towards the drying bed
for further treatment.
“In short it’s the process of treating sewage using
air and biological floc composed of bacteria”.
THANK YOU