PLANE

GEOMETRY
Khadijah Qurratul Aini
1305619027
Sikri Atno 1305619002
Zahwa Nawang Sinta
1305619039
Plane
Geomet
ry
Plane geometry is a flat surface that
extends in two dimensions, but has
no thickness.
Plane geometry is a part of flat area
that is bounded by straight or curved
lines.

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“Fundamental
Ideas”
POINTS & LINES

⦁ A point can be envisioned as an

infinitely tiny sphere, having
height, width, and depth all equal
to zero, but nevertheless
possessing a specific location.
⦁ A line can be thought of as an
infinitely thin, perfectly straight,
infinitely long wire.

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 LINE SEGMENT
• A line has two endpoints with the
capital letters depicting the points.
• A line segment has length but no
breadth.
• A line has no endpoints whereas
the line segment has end points.
RAYS (HALF LINES)
• A ray is a collection of points which start at
one point and extend infinitely in one
direction.
• A ray has length but no breadth.
• It has an endpoint and an arrow depicted
with capital letters.
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 ANGLE
When two lines intersect, four angles ANGLE NOTATION
exist at the point of intersection. Unless
the two lines are perpendicular, two of the
angles are ‘‘sharp’’ and two are ‘‘dull.’’
When the two lines are perpendicular,
each of the four angles is a right angle.

Type of Angle Description

Acute Angle is less than 90°
Right Angle is 90° exactly ANGLE
is greater than 90° BISECTION
Obtuse Angle but
less than 180°
Straight Angle is 180° exactly
Reflex Angle is greater than 180°
Full Rotation is 360° exactly

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 PERPENDICULARI PERPENDICULARI
TY TY
BISECTOR
Perpendicular (perpendicularity) Perpendicular Bisector is a line
is the relationship between two which cuts a line segment into two
lines which meet at a right angle equal parts at 90°.
(90 degrees).

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“Parallel Lines”
 PARALLEL LINES

Lines ara parallel if they are always the same distance apart (called
“equidistant”) and will never meet.
Pairs of
Transversal
Angles A transversal is a line that crosses at least two other
lines.
When parallel lines get crossed by
another line (which is called
transversal), you can see that many
angles are the same, as in this
example :

Vertical
Angles
Vertical Angles are the angles opposite each other when two line cross.

The angles can be made into pairs

of angles which have special
names.

Corresponding Angles
When two lines are crossed by another line, the angles in
matching corners are called corresponding angles.
Alternate Interior
Angles
When two lines are crossed by another line, Alternate Interior
Angles are a pair of angles on the inner side of each of those
two lines but on opposite side of the transversal.
Alternate Exterior Angles
When two lines are crossed by another line, Alternate Exterior
Angles are a pair of angles on the outer side of each of those two
lines but on opposite sides of the transversal.
Consecutive Interior
Angles
When two lines are crossed by another line, the pairs of angles on
one side of the transversal but inside the two lines are called
Consecutive Interior Angles. Consecutive interior angles are
supplementary.
 Consecutive Exterior
Angles
Two angles on the same side of the transversal and outside the
parallel lines. These angles are supplementary.

Adjacent Angles
Two angles are adjacent when they have common side and a
common vertex (corner point) anf don’t overlap.
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“Triangles
”
A triangle is a set of three line segments, joined
pairwise at their end points, and including those
end points.
VERTICES
There are three points, called A, B, and C, connected by line segments to
form a triangle. The points are called the vertices of the triangle.

SIDES
The sides of the triangle are named according to their end points. Thus,
ABC has three sides: line segment AB, line segment BC, and line
segment CA.

INTERIOR ANGLES
Each vertex of a triangle is associated with an interior angle, which always
measures more than 0o (0 rad) but less than 180o (π rad).

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 SIMILAR
TRIANGLES

CONGRUENT
TRIANGLES

⦁ Two triangles are directly similar if

and only if they have the same
proportions in the same rotational
sense. This means that one triangle
is an enlarged and/or rotated copy
Two triangles exhibit direct congruence
of the other.
(they are directly congruent) if and
⦁ They are inversely similar if and only only if they are directly similar, and the
if the mirror image of one is directly corresponding sides have the same
similar to the other.
lengths. 
 Types of Triangles
ACUTE TRIANGLE
When each of the three interior
angles of a triangle are acute, that
triangle is called an acute triangle.
In such a triangle, none of the
angles measures as much as 90o.
OBTUSE TRIANGLE
When one of the interior angles of a
triangle is obtuse, that triangle is called
an obtuse triangle. Such a triangle has
one obtuse interior angle, that is, one
angle that measures more than 90o.
 ISOSCELES TRIANGLE
Suppose any of the following equations hold:
s = t, t = u, s = u, x = y, y = z, x = z
This kind of triangle is called an isosceles
triangle.

EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE
Suppose either of the following are true:
s = t = u or x = y = z
Then the triangle is said to be an equilateral
triangle.
 RIGHT TRIANGLE
If one of the interior angles of this
triangle measures 90o, an angle that is
also called a right angle, then the
triangle is called a right triangle. The
side opposite the right angle is the
longest side, and is called the
hypotenuse.
PERIMETER OF TRIANGLE
The perimeter, B, of the triangle is
given by the following formula:
B=s+t+u
INTERIOR AREA OF TRIANGLE
Consider the same triangle as defined
above. Let s be the base length, and let h
be the height, or the length of a
perpendicular line segment between
point P and side S. The interior area, A,
can be found with this formula: A=
sh/2
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“Quadrilaterals
”
A four-sided geometric plane
figure
 Types of Quadrilaterals
SQUARE
A square has four sides that are all of the same
length.
RHOMBUS
A rhombus is like a square in that all four sides are the same length. But the angles
don’t all have to be right angles. A square is a special type of rhombus in which all
four angles happen to have the same measure.
 RECTANGLE PARALLELOGRAM

Both pairs of opposite sides are parallel.

A rectangle is like a square in that all four Whenever both pairs of opposite sides in a
quadrilateral are parallel, those pairs also have
angles have equal measure. But the sides
the same length. In addition, pairs of opposite
don’t all have to be equally long.
angles have equal measure.
TRAPEZOID

If we remove yet another restriction from

the quadrilateral, we get a trapezoid. The
only rule a trapezoid must obey is that
one pair of opposite sides must be
parallel.
 BISECTION OF
PARALLELOGRAM DIAGONALS
PARALLELOGRAM DIAGONALS

M is the diagonal intersection point

(bisection of parallelogram diagonal).

MEDIAN OF A TRAPEZOID PERIMETERS AND AREAS

Interior area is an expression of the size of the
region enclosed by a polygon, and that lies in the
same plane as all the vertices of the polygon. It is
expressed in square units (or units squared). The
perimeter of a polygon is the sum of the lengths of
its sides.

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“Polygons”
polygon is a plane figure that is described by a finite
number of straight line segments connected to form a
closed polygonal chain.
 PENTAGON OCTAGON

 A five-sided polygon, all of whose A regular octagon is a convex polygon with

sides have the same length, and all of eight sides, all equally long.
whose interior angles have the same
measure is called a regular pentagon.
.
HEXAGON

A convex polygon with six sides, all of

which are equally long, is called a
regular hexagon.
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 Circles and Ellipses

A circle is a geometric figure consisting of all points in a plane that is equally distant from some
center point. The circle and the ellipse are examples of conic sections. This term arises from the fact
that both the circle and the ellipse can be defined as sets of points resulting from the intersection of
a plane with a cone.

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Thanks!
Any questions?

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