PNPN and Other Devices: Robert Boylestad

Chapter 20:
pnpn and Other Devices
Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Digital Electronics Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 1 Part I: pnpn Devices
1. SCR – Silicon-Controlled Rectifier

2. SCS – Silicon-Controlled Switch
3. GTO – Gate Turn-Off Switch
4. LASCR – Light-Activated SCR
5. Shockley Diode
6. Diac
7. Triac

Slide 2 1. SCR – Silicon-Controlled Rectifier
The SCR is a switching device for high voltage and current operations.
Schematic Symbol:

Slide 3 SCR Basic Operation
Turning - on
To turn the SCR on:

1. forward bias the anode-cathode
2. apply sufficient gate voltage (Vgate) and Gate current (IGT)
Once the SCR is turned it remains latched on, even if the gate signal is removed. The SCR
like a diode only conducts in one direction.
Forced - on
An SCR can be forced on by
•Excessively high voltage from anode to cathode

• High frequency signal from gate to cathode
• High temperatures

Turning - off
Removing the gate voltage cannot turn off an SCR. It is latched on.
To turn the SCR off:

• Remove the power source from anode to cathode
• Reverse bias the anode-cathode
Both of the above can be accomplished with commutation circuitry.

Commutation
Commutation circuitry is simply a switching device connected in parallel with the SCR.
A control signal activates the switching circuitry and provides a low impedance bypass for
the anode to cathode current. This momentary loss of current through the SCR will turn it
off.
The switching circuitry can also apply a reverse bias voltage across the SCR, which also
will turn the SCR off.
Slide 7 SCR characteristics
The SCR has a characteristic horizontal voltage swing. The voltage across the SCR (VF) is
high before it fires, but then it drops significantly once it begins conducting. The SCR only
conducts in one direction.
The SCR will “fire “ (turn on) if the voltage from anode to cathode is greater or equal to the
forward breakover voltage (V(BR)F). In this instance the gate current (IG) can be 0.
As more gate current is applied (IG1, IG2), less forward voltage (VF1, VF2, VF3) is required.
Holding current (IH) is the minimum required current from anode to cathode.
Reverse breakdown voltage is the maximum reverse bias voltage for the SCR.
Slide 8 SCRs and Temperature
As temperature increases, the SCR requires less forward voltage

and gate current to fire.
This means that at higher temperatures the SCR may fire by

mistake!!

Slide 9 SCR Terminal Identification
The SCR has three terminal Anode (A), Cathode (K), and the Gate (G).

Slide 10 SCR Applications
The gate voltage can be set to fire the SCR at any point in the AC cycle. Remember the
SCR is only a switch!
In this case the SCR fires as soon as the AC cycle crosses 0. Therefore it acts like a half-
wave rectifier.
Slide 11 SCR Applications (cont’d)
In this circuit, the SCR fires later in the cycle.
As you can see when the SCR fires provides more information than at what gate voltage.
Therefore SCR firing is indicated by angle; i.e. at what degree in the AC cycle.
In this circuit the SCR fires at 90, therefore it conducts for 90.
The half-wave rectifier example fires at 0;therefore it conducts for 180.
Slide 12 SCR Applications (cont’d)
• Battery-charging regulator
• Temperature controller circuit
• Emergency-lighting system
In these applications the SCR gate circuit is used to monitor a situation and trigger the
SCR to turn on a portion of the circuit.

Slide 13 2. SCS – Silicon-Controlled Switch
This device is like an SCR except that it has two gates: Cathode gate and an Anode gate.
Schematic Symbol:

Slide 14 SCS Basic Operation
Either gate can fire the SCS. A positive pulse or voltage on the Cathode gate or a negative
pulse or voltage on the Anode gate will fire the SCR. The SCS only conducts in one
direction.
The gates can also turn the SCS off. A negative pulse or voltage on the Cathode gate or a
positive pulse or voltage on the Anode gate will fire the SCR.
The difference between the gates: The Anode gate requires higher voltages than the
Cathode gate.

Slide 15 Comparison of SCR and SCS
The SCS has a much lower power capability compared to the SCR.
The SCS has faster switching times than the SCR.
The SCS can be switched off by gate control.

Slide 16 SCS Applications
• Pulse generator
• Voltage sensor
• Alarm circuits

Slide 17 SCS Pin Identification

Slide 18 3. GTO – Gate Turn-Off Switch
GTO is similar to the SCR, except that the gate can turn the GTO on and off. It only
conducts in one direction.
Schematic Symbol:

Slide 19 Comparison of GTO and SCR
GTO is a low power device.
The gate signal necessary to fire the GTO is larger than the SCR gate signal.
The gate signal necessary to turn the GTO off is similar to that of SCS.
The switching rate for turning the GTO off is much faster than the SCR.

Slide 20 GTO Applications
• Counters
• Pulse generators
• Oscillators
• Voltage regulators

Slide 21 GTO Pin Identification

Slide 22 4. LASCR – Light-Activated SCR
This is an SCR that is fired by a light beam striking the gate to cathode junction or by
applying a gate voltage.
Schematic Symbol:

Slide 23 LASCR Pin Identification

Slide 24 LASCR Applications
• Optical light controls

• Relays
• Phase control
• Motor control
• Computer applications

Slide 25 5. Shockley Diode
The Shockley diode conducts once the breakover voltage is reached. It only conducts in
one direction.
Schematic Symbol:

Slide 26 Shockley Diode Basic Operation
The Shockley diode must be forward biased, and then once the voltage reaches the
breakover level it will conduct. Like an SCR it only conducts in one direction.

Slide 27 Shockley Diode Application
• Trigger switch for an SCR

Slide 28 6. Diac
The Diac is also a breakover type device.
Schematic Symbol:

Slide 29 Diac Basic Operation
Once the breakover voltage is reached the Diac conducts. The Diac, though, can conduct
in both directions. The breakover voltage is approximately symmetrical for a positive and
a negative breakover voltage.

Slide 30 Diac Applications
• Trigger circuit for the Triac

• Proximity sensor circuit

Slide 31 7. Triac
The Triac is like a Diac with a gate control.
Schematic Symbol:

Slide 32 Triac Basic Operation
When fired by the gate or by exceeding the breakover voltage, the Triac conducts in both
directions.

Slide 33 Triac Pin Identification

Slide 34 Triac Applications
AC power control circuits

Slide 35 Part II: Other Devices
1. UJT – Unijunction Transistor

2. Phototransistors
3. Opto-Isolators
4. PUT – Programmable UJT

Slide 36 1. UJT – Unijunction Transistor
The UJT is also basically a switching device.
Schematic Symbol:

Slide 37 UJT Basic Operation
Even though the UJT is a switching device it works very differently from the SCR variety
of devices.
The equivalent circuit indicates that the UJT is like a diode and a resistive voltage divider
circuit. The resistance exhibited by RB1 is variable; it is dependent on the value of current
IE .
Slide 38 UJT Characteristic Curve
A voltage is applied across the UJT (VBB) and to the Emitter input (VE). Once VE reaches a
peak value (Vp) the UJT begins to conduct. At the point where VE = Vp, the current IE is at
minimum. This is the threshold value of VE that puts the UJT into conduction. Once
conducting, IE increases and VE decreases. This phenomenon occurs because the internal
resistance labeled RB1 in the equivalent circuit decreases as the UJT conducts more and
more.
Robert This is called negative resistance.
Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 39 UJT Characteristic Curves (cont’d)
As VBB increases so does the VE threshold voltage that is necessary to put the UJT into
conduction.
Slide 40 UJT Vp Voltage
The value of VE necessary to put the UJT into conduction is called Vp.
Vp can be calculated:
Vp = VBB
Where  is the intrinsic stand-off ratio, and its value is available from the specification
sheet of the UJT.

Slide 41 UJT Pin Identification

Slide 42 UJT Applications
The UJT is used almost exclusively as a trigger circuit for SCRs.

Slide 43 UJT SCR Trigger Waveform
The UJT waveform to the SCR gate is almost a sawtooth like oscillator output. Hence this
trigger circuit is sometimes called a relaxation oscillator. The rate at which the waveform
repeats depends on the capacitor value, the external resistor, and .
Slide 44 2. Phototransistor
This transistor is biased on by a light beam, which produces a base current. The greater the
intensity of the light beam, the higher the resulting base and collector currents.
It is sometimes called a photodetector.
Schematic Symbol:

Slide 45 Phototransistor Pin Identification

Slide 46 Phototransistor Applications
• Punch-card readers
• Lighting control
• Level indication
• Relays
• Counting system

Slide 47 3. Opto-Isolators
This is a package that can be integrated on an IC that contains both an infrared LED and a
photodetector.
Pinout of an IC opto-isolator IC:

Slide 48 Varieties of Opto-Isolators
Opto-isolator circuits can be diodes, diode-Darlington pair, or diode-SCR:

Slide 49 4. PUT – Programmable UJT
The PUT is more like an SCR in some of its operating characteristics, than a UJT.
Schematic Symbol:

Slide 50 PUT Characteristics
Like the UJT, the PUT has a negative resistance region. But this region is unstable in the
PUT. The PUT is operated between the on and off states.
Slide 51 PUT Operation
The gate voltage required to turn the PUT on is determined by external components,
instead of by specifications of the device as in the  value for the UJT.
RB1
VG  VBB  ηVBB [Formula 20.19]
RB1  RB2
Reducing or removing the gate voltage will not turn the PUT off. Instead, like an SCR, the
Anode to Cathode voltage must drop sufficiently to reduce the current below a holding
level.

Slide 52 Applications of the PUT
The PUT is used as a trigger device for an SCR. Like the UJT, a relaxation oscillator
circuit is used to trigger the PUT, which then fires the SCR.


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Chapter 20:

pnpn and Other Devices

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

1. SCR – Silicon-Controlled Rectifier

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

To turn the SCR on:

•Excessively high voltage from anode to cathode

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

To turn the SCR off:

Both of the above can be accomplished with commutation circuitry.

As temperature increases, the SCR requires less forward voltage

This means that at higher temperatures the SCR may fire by

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

In this circuit, the SCR fires later in the cycle.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

The SCS has faster switching times than the SCR.

The SCS can be switched off by gate control.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

GTO is a low power device.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

• Optical light controls

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

• Trigger switch for an SCR

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

• Trigger circuit for the Triac

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

The Triac is like a Diac with a gate control.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

AC power control circuits

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

1. UJT – Unijunction Transistor

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Pinout of an IC opto-isolator IC:

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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