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Design
POLLUTION CONTROL
Dr. M. Azam Saeed
Major types of pollution
AIR POLLUTION
WATER POLLUTION
LAND POLLUTION
NOISE POLLUTION
Distribution of Pollution-Related Complaints
Received at the Ministry of Environment in 2014
MAJOR AIR POLLUTANTS
• Temperature
• PH
• Conductivity
• TDS
PHYSICAL TREATMENT.
• The first step in any wastewater treatment process is to
remove large floating or suspended particles by sources.
• This is usually followed by sedimentation or gravity
settling.
• Sludge from primary or secondary treatment that has been
initially concentrated in a clarifier or thickener can be
further concentrated by vacuum filtration or centrifugation.
• Solid-liquid separation by flotation may be achieved by
gravity alone or induced by dissolved-air or vacuum
techniques.
• The mechanisms and driving forces are similar to those
found in sedimentation, but the separation rate and solids
concentration can be greater in some cases.
Adsorption
• Adsorption processes, and in particular those using
activated carbon, are also finding increased use in
wastewater treatment for removal of organics, toxic
substances, and colour.
• The primary driving forces for adsorption are a
combination of
(1) the hydrophobic nature of the dissolved organics in
the wastewater
(2) the affinity of the organics to the solid adsorbent.
Membrane process
• Three different membrane processes
• Ultrafiltration
• reverse osmosis
• Electro dialysis
There is no sharp distinction between ultrafiltration and
reverse osmosis.
In the former, the separation is based primarily on the size
of the solute molecule.
In the reverse-osmosis process, the size of the solute
molecule is not the sole basis for the degree of removal.
• Since other characteristics of the solute such as
hydrogen-bonding and valences affect the membrane
selectivity.
• In contrast to these two membrane processes, electro
dialysis employs the removal of the solute from solution
rather than the removal of the solvent.
• The other major distinction is that only ionic species are
removed.
• The advantages due to electro dialysis are primarily due
to these distinctions.
CHEMICAL TREATMENT
• In wastewater treatment, chemical methods are generally
used to remove colloidal matter, colour, odours, acids, alkali,
heavy metals, and oil.
• Coagulation is a process that removes colloids from water
by the addition of chemicals.
• Emulsion breaking is similar to coagulation.
• The emulsions are generally broken with combination of
acidic reagents and polyelectrolytes.
• The common ion effect can also be useful in wastewater
treatment.
• One method for treating acid and alkaline waste
products is by neutralization with lime or sulphuric acid.
• Even though this treatment method may change the pH
of the waste stream to the desired level, it does not
remove the sulphate, chloride, or other ions.
• Chemical oxidation is frequently another tool in
wastewater treatment.
• Chemical oxidants in wide use today are chlorine, ozone,
and hydrogen peroxide.
• The historical use of chlorine and ozone has been in the
disinfection of water and wastewater.
• The destruction of cyanide and phenols by chlorine
oxidation is well known in waste-treatment technology.
Contd..
• However, the use of chlorine for such applications has
come under intense scrutiny because of the
uncertainty in establishing and predicting the products
of the chlorine oxidation reactions and their relative
toxicity.
• Ozone, on the other hand, is found to be effective in
many applications for colour removal, disinfection,
taste and odour removal, iron and manganese
removal, and in the oxidation of many complex
inorganics.
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
• In the presence of the ordinary bacteria found in water,
many organic materials will oxidize to form carbon
dioxide, water, sulfates, and similar materials.
• This process consumes the oxygen dissolved in the water
and may cause a depletion of dissolved oxygen.
• BOD:A measure of the ability of a waste component to
consume the oxygen dissolved in water is known as the
biochemical oxygen demand.
• Reported as parts per million of consumed oxygen
during a set period of time
Common biological wastewater treatment:
• Involves the use of concentrated masses of
microorganisms to break down organic matter, resulting
in the stabilization of organic wastes.
• Organisms are broadly classified as aerobic, anaerobic.
• Aerobic organisms require molecular oxygen for
metabolism
• anaerobic organisms derive energy from organic
compounds and function in the absence of oxygen.
Contd.
• Basically, the aerobic biological processes involve either the
activated sludge process or the fixed-film process.
• The activated sludge process is a continuous system in which
aerobic biological growths are mixed with wastewater .
• Many organic industrial wastes (including those from food
processing meat packing, pulp and paper, refining, leather
tanning, textiles, organic chemicals, and petrochemicals) are
amenable.
• Anaerobic treatment is important in the disposal of
municipal wastes but has not been widely used on industrial
wastes. It has found some use in reducing highly
concentrated BOD wastes.
Solid Waste Disposal
• There are several means of disposal available including
recycling, chemical conversion incineration, pyrolysis,
and landfill.
• Federal regulations, local conditions, and overall
economics generally determine which method is the
most acceptable.
Contd..
RECYCLING AND CHEMICAL CONVERSION:
• Resource recovery is a factor often overlooked in waste
disposal.
• Valuable solids such as metals and plastics can be
recovered by magnets, electrical conductivity, jigging,
flotation, or hand picking.
• Process wastes may at times also be converted to
saleable products or materials that can be disposed of
safely.
INCINERATION:
• The controlled oxidation of solid, liquid, or gaseous
combustible wastes to final products of carbon dioxide,
water, and ash is known as incineration.
• A properly designed and carefully operated incinerator
can be located adjacent to a process plant and can be
adjusted to handle a variety and quantity of wastes.
PYROLYSIS:
• the most acceptable route to recycling wastes through
pyrolytic techniques in which wastes are heated in an
air-free chamber at temperatures as high as 3000°F
(1650°C).
LANDFILL:
• Sanitary landfill is basically a simple technique that
involves spreading and compacting solid wastes into cells
that are covered each day with soil.
• The principal problems encountered in landfill operation
are the production of leachates that may contaminate
the surrounding groundwater and the potential hazards
associated with the accumulation of flammable gases .
Thermal Pollution Control
• Temperature affects nearly every physical property of
concern in water quality management including density,
viscosity, vapor pressure, surface tension, gas solubility,
and gas diffusion.
• The solubility of oxygen is probably the most important
of these parameters.
• Dissolved oxygen in water is necessary to maintain many
forms of aquatic life, changes with temperature.
Contd..
COOLING TOWERS:
• are most often considered for this service, followed by
cooling ponds and spray ponds in that order .
• Cooling towers may be classified on the basis of the fluid
used for heat transfer and on the basis of the power
supplied to the unit.
• In Wet cooling towers the condenser cooling water and
ambient air are intimately mixed.
• In dry cooling towers, the temperature reduction of the
condenser water depends upon conduction and convection.