RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

ORGANS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1.NOSE
2.PHARYNX
3.LARYNX
4.TRACHEA
5.BRONCHI
6.LUNGS
 STRUCTURAL DIVISION
UPPER RESPIRATORY LOWER RESPIRATORY
TRACT TRACT
• NOSE • LARYNX
• NASAL CAVITY • TRACHEA
• PHARYNX • BRONCHI
• ASSOCIATED • LUNGS
STRUCTURES
 FUNCTIONALLY
CONDUCTING ZONE RESPIRATORY ZONE
Filter warm and moisten air in the lungs Main sites of Gas Exchnage
between air and blood
• Connecting cavities
• Lung
• Tubes
• nose,
• Nasal cavity • Tissues in the lungs (gas
• pharynx, exchange occurs)
• Larynx • Respiratory bronchioles
• Trachea • Alveolar ducts
• Bronchi • Sacs
• Bronchioles
• Alveoli
• Terminal bronchioles
 FUNCTION OF THE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Maintains Body Homeostasis

Exchanges of gases (O2 and CO2) between
the blood and the atmosphere
Maintains levels of O2, CO2 and PH
 NOSE
A specialized organ at the entrance of respiratory system
Visible external and internal portion inside the skull
(nasal cavity)
EXTERNAL NOSE – Supporting framework of bone
(external nares (nostrils)
INTERNAL NOSE- produces mucus, warms, moistens,
filtering air, receptors for sense of smell, modifies speech
vibrations
(nasal cavity, nasal septum)
NASAL CAVITY
• Olfactory receptors located in the mucosa on the superior
surface
• Rest of the cavity is lined with respiratory mucosa
1. Moistens air
2. Traps incoming foreign particles
• Lateral walls (projections Conchae)
1. Increases surface area
2. Increases air turbulence
• Separated from the oral cavity by the palate
1. Anterior hard palate (bone)
2. Posterior soft palate (muscle)
 PARANASAL SINUSES
• Cavities within bones
surrounding the nasal
cavity

• Serve as resonating
chambers for sound as we
speak
• Produces mucus that
drains into the nasal cavity
• Lighten the skull
 PHARYNX
• “throat”
• Funnel shaped tube 13 cm (5in)
• Muscular passage from nasal
cavity and larynx
• Common pathway of air and food
• Houses tonsils
• Provides resonating chamber for
speech sounds
 3 Anatomical regions of pharynx
• NASOPHARYNX- sup behind nasal
cavity
• OROPHARYNX- Mid region behind
mouth
• LARYNGOPHARYNX-inferior region
attached to larynx

OROPHARYNX AND
LARYNGOPHARYNX ARE COMMON
PASSAGEWAYS FOR AIR AND FOOD
STRUCTURES OF THE PHARYNX
• Auditory tube enter the nasopharynx (exchange of
small amount of air to equalize pressure between mid
ear and atmosphere)
• Tonsils of the pharynx
• Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) nasopharynx
• Palatine tonsils oropharynx
• Lingual tonsils at the base of the tongue
 LARYNX
• “VOICE BOX”
• Connects laryngopharynx with trachea
• Midline of the neck ant to esophagus and c4-c6
• Routes air and food into proper channels
• Plays a role in speech
• Wall is made of 9 pieces of cartilage
thyroid cartilage, epiglottis and cricoid cartilage
2 arytenoid,2 cuneiform, 2 corniculate cartilages
• most imp arytenoid (true vocal cords of speech)
STRUCTURES OF THE LARYNX
THYROID CARTILAGE *adam’s
apple)
Largest hyaline cartilage
Protrudes anteriorly

EPIGLOTTIS
Superior portion
Routes food to larynx and air
toward trachea
STRUCTURES OF THE LARYNX
Vocal cords (vocal folds)
Vibrate with expelled air to
create sound (speech)

Glottis
Opening between vocal cords
 TRACHEA
• “windpipe”
• Passageway for air 12 cm 5 in long
• Loc ant to esophagus
• Connects larynx with bronchi
• C shaped hyaline cartilage walls
• *CARINA point where trachea divides
to R and L main bronchi*
 PRIMARY BRONCHI
• Formed by division of the trachea
• Enters the lung at the hilus (medial
depression)
• Right bronchus wider shorter and
straighter than left
• Bronchi subdivide into smaller and
smaller branches
 LUNGS
• Occupy most of the
thoracic cavity (pair coned)
• Apex near the clavicle
(superior)
• Base rest on the diaphragm
(inf)
• 2 lobes
• Left 2
• Right 3
• OBLIQUE divides sup and inf
lobe
• HORIZONTAL inf lobe and
mid lobe

• Left lung cardiac notch (apex

of the heart )
• Short lung shorter
(diaphragm)
• Bronchi pulmonary
blood vessels
lymphatic nerves exit
and entrance
PLEURAL MEMBRANE
1. Parietal Pleura (superficial
layer)- lines the walls of
thoracic cavity

Pleural fluid- fills the area

between layers of pleura for
gliding

2. Pulmonary (visceral) Pleura

(Deep)-covers the lung surface
BRANCHING OF BRONCHIAL TREE
• PRIMARY BRONCHI
• SECONDARY BRONCHI
• TERTIARY BRONCHI
• BRONCHIOLI
• TERMINAL BRONCHIOLI
(respiratory zone) –
respiratoy bronchioles-
respiratory ducts-
alveoli
 BRONCHIOLES
• Smallest branches of the
bronchi

• All but the smallest

branches have reinforcing
cartilage

• Terminal bronchioles end in

alveoli (gas exchange)
 PULMONARY VENTILLATION
1. PULMONARY VENTILATION – Exchange of air between the
atmosphere and alveoli

2. EXTERNAL RESPIRATION- Exchange of gases bet alveoli and

blood in the pulmonary capillaries across the respiratory
membrane. (pulmonary capillary blood gains O2 loses CO2

3. INTERNAL RESPIRATION- Exchange of gases between blood in

systemic capillaries and tissue cells (blood loses 02 gains CO2.)
RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE (Air-blood
barrier)
• Thin squamous epithelial
layer lining alveolar walls
• Pulmonary capillaries cover
external surfaces of alveoli
• Gas crosses the respiratory
membrane by diffusion
• Oxygen enters the blood
• Carbon dioxide enters the
alveoli
 PRESSURE CHANGES IN VENTILATION
1. Rest, alveolar and atmospheric pressure is equal (no air
flow)
2. Inhalation alveolar pressure drops below atmospheric
pressure
3. Deep inhalation greater drop in alveolar pressure
4. Exhalation alveolar pressure increases above
atmospheric pressure
5. Forced exhalations greater increase in alveolar pressure
Air moves into the lungs when alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric
pressure, and out of the lungs when alveolar pressure is greater than
atmospheric pressure.
 MUSCLES AND MECHANISM OF
INHALATION AND EXHALATION
 LUNG VOLUME AND CAPACITIES
• IRV(3100ml)- amount of air inspired after N inspiration
• TV (500mL)- volume of gas inhaled and exhaled (normal
rest)
• ERV (1200mL)- amount of air expired after N expiration
• RV (1200ml)- amount of air left in the lungs after forceful
expiration
• IC (3500ml)-amount of air max inspired after N expiration
• FRC (2400ml)-amount of air left inside the lungs after N exp
• TLC 6000- Contained inside the lungs
LUNG VOLUME AND CAPACITIES
 REGULATION OF VENTILATION
• MEDULLA OBLONGATA (RESPIRATORY
CENTER)

DORSAL RESPIRATORY GROUP –Inspiration area

-inspiration movement and their timing

(sends impulse to phrenic and intercostals nerves to

contract)

VENTRAL RESPIRATORY GROUP-rhythmicity of

breathing
• PONTINE RESPIRATORY GROUP (pneumotaxic area)
-neurons are active during inhalation and exhalation
-modifies the rhythm of breathing
-transmits nerve impulses to DRG
To provide smooth respiration rhythm
 CHEMICAL REGULATION
• CENTRAL CHEMORECEPTORS – located near the medulla
• CO2 – BV- LUNGS- BREATHE OUT
• CO2 + H20= carbonic anhydrase- bicarbonate HC03
• Increase co2= decrease Ph level (acidic)

• If co2 is high in the blood- chemoreceptor neurons- fire action

potentials- breathe fast
 RESPIRATION AND ACID BALANCE
ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS –measures the acidity ph
o2 and co2 from an artery

PH 7.35- 7.45
PaCO2 35-45 DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO (ACID)
HCO3 22-26 (BASE)
Identify if it is acidosis or alkalosis (PH)
<7.35 acidosis
>7.45 alkalosis

Identify if respiratory or metabolic (co2/hco3) compare to PH

SAMPLE: PH 7.25 (respiratory acidosis)
PACO2 50
HCO3 24

Identify if it is compensated or uncompensated

(if ph is normal and paco2 hco3 abnormal)
SAMPLE
1.PH 7.25 3. PH 7.25
PACO2 50 PACO2 37
CO3 24 CO3 21

2. PH 7.56 4. PH7.56
PACO2 28 PACO2 40
CO3 22 CO3 35
 RESPIRATORY COMPENSATION
INCREASE HCO3 (BASE) COMPENSATES INCREASE ACIDOSIS
DECREASE ALKALOSIS

INCREASE CO2 (ACID) COMPENSATES DECREASE ACIDOSIS

INCREASE ALKALOSIS
PH 7.30 PH 7.35
PACO2 50 PACO2 49
CO3 49 CO3 30

PH 7.50 PH 7.44
PACO2 51 PACO2 48
CO3 41 CO3 35