Toothed Gearing

(Chapter-12 R.S. KHURMI)

Somnath Somadder
Lecturer
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology.
• Gears are machine elements that transmits motion by means of engaging
teeth.
• Power transmission systems:
Belt or Rope drive
Chain drive
Gear drive
 Advantages and Disadvantages of gear drive
Advantages:
1) It transmits exact velocity ratio.
2) It may be used to transmit large power.
3) It has reliable service.
4) It has high efficiency.
5) It has compact layout.
Disadvantages:
6) The manufacture of gears require special tools and equipment.
7) The error in cutting teeth may cause vibration and noise during
operation.
 Classification of gearing Article 12.4

Spur gear: Tooth profile is parallel to the axis of rotation, transmits motion
between parallel shafts.

Helical gear: Teeth are inclined to the axis of rotation, the angle provides
more gradual engagement of the teeth during meshing, transmits motion
between parallel shafts.
Worm gear sets :Consists of a helical gear and a power screw (worm),
used to transfer motion between non-parallel and non-intersecting shafts.
Pinion

Rack

Rack and Pinion sets – A special case of spur gears with the gear having
an infinitely large diameter, the teeth are laid flat.
Terms Used in gear Article 12.5
 tion
o f ac
Line

Pressure angle φ

Standard pressure angles, 14.5o (old), 20o, and 25o

 Law of Gearing
(Follow class lecture)
• The common normal at the point of contact
between a pair of teeth must always pass through
the pitch point.
•A  pair of rigid bodies pivoted at and make contact at point C. Body 1 rotates with
angular velocity and body 2 rotates with angular velocity .
Velocity of C on body 1 = C*
Velocity of C on body 2 = C*
If a common normal is drawn to the bodies at C; then the components of and
must be identical to retain contact and shape of the two bodies.
Drop perpendicular M and on common normal. Velocity components of M and N
along the common normal will be also identical since distance from C can not
change.[deformation is zero]
=
*=*
 𝜔1
==
𝜔2
The common normal to the two surfaces at the point of contact intersects the line
of centers at point P, which divides center distance inversely.
 Forms of teeth (Article 12.9)
Two types of teeth commonly used -
1) Cycloidal Teeth:

Cycloid is a locus of a point on the periphery of a circle which rolls on a straight

line path.
2) Involute Teeth :

It is a locus of a free end of a string when it is wound round a circular pole.

 Comparison Between Involute and
Cycloidal Gears(Article 12.13 Page 394)
 Gear Trains(Chapter 13 Page 428)
• When two or more gears are made to mesh with each other to transmit
power from one shaft to another then such a combination is known as
gear train.
• There are four types of gear train
Simple gear train
•  Driver and Driven Gear
• Two meshed gear always rotate in opposite direction.
• Speed ratio = =
• Train value = reciprocal of speed ratio
• Speed ratio of any pair of gears in mesh is
the inverse of their number of teeth.

=
The idle gears are used for the following two purposes:
 To connect gears where a large center distance is required, and
 Toobtain the desired direction of motion of the driven gear (i.e. clockwise
or anticlockwise).
•   The speed ratio and the train value is independent of the size and number of
intermediate gear. [Page 430]
Let us consider the speed and the number of teeth of driver is and ,
the speed and the number of teeth of idler is and , the speed and the number of teeth of the driven gear
is .
• Since the speed ratio of any pair of gears in mesh is the inverse of their number of teeth. Applying this
for driver gear and idler gear,
=…………(i)
Applying this for idler gear and driven gear,
=…………(ii)
Multiply (i) and (ii),
 Compound Gear train:
• When there are more than one gear on a shaft it is called compound train of
gear.
• Compound gear is used with intermediate gear to have great or much less
speed ratio.
 Reverted Gear Train
When the axis of the first gear(first driver) and the last gear(last driven) is co-axial then the
gear train is known as reverted gear train.

 
Circular Pitch or Module m =
Example 13.3:The speed ratio of the reverted gear train, as shown in Fig. is
to be 12. The module pitch of gears A and B is 3.125 mm and of gears
C and D is 2.5 mm. Calculate the suitable numbers of teeth for the gears.
No gear is to have less than 24 teeth.
Solution: Given, Speed ratio, NA/ND = 12 ;
mA = mB = 3.125mm ; mC = mD = 2.5 mm
Since the speed ratio between A and B ; C and D to be same
 Epicyclic gear train
If the arm is fixed, the gear train is simple and gear A can drive gear B
or vice- versa

But if gear A is fixed and the arm is rotated

about the axis of gear A (i.e. O1), then the gear B
is forced to rotate upon and around gear A. Such a motion
is called epicyclic.

The gear trains arranged in such a manner that one or more of their members
move upon and around another member are known as epicyclic gear trains (epi.
means upon and cyclic means around). The epicyclic gear trains may be simple or
compound.
• The epicyclic gear trains are used in the back gear of lathe, differential
gears of the automobiles, hoists, pulley blocks, wrist watches etc.
• The following two methods may be used for finding out the velocity
ratio of an epicyclic gear train.
1. Tabular method, and 2. Algebraic method.
Problem 13.4 : In an epicylic gear train an arm carries two gears A
and B having 36 and 45 teeth respectively. If the arm rotates at 150
rpm in the anti clock wise direction about the center of the gear A
which is fixed, determine the speed of the gear B. Instead of being
fixed if A makes 300 rpm in the clock wise direction determine
speed of gear B.
Problem 13.5: In a reverted epicyclic gear train, the arm A carries two gears B
and C and a compound gear D - E. The gear B meshes with gear E and the gear C
meshes with gear D. The number of teeth on gears B, C and D are 75, 30
and 90 respectively. Find the speed and direction of gear C when gear B is
fixed and the arm A makes 100 r.p.m. clockwise.
Solution. Given : TB = 75 ; TC = 30 ; TD = 90 ; NA = 100 r.p.m. (clockwise)
Let dB , dC , dD and dE be the pitch circle diameters of gears B, C, D
and E respectively. From the geometry of the figure,
dB + dE = dC + dD
Since the number of teeth on each gear, for the same module, are
proportional to their pitch circle diameters, therefore
Compound Epicyclic gear train – Sun and Planet gear
•Problem
  13.7: Anepicyclic train of gears is arranged as shown in Fig.
How many revolutions does the arm, to which the pinions B and C are
attached, make :
when A makes one revolution clockwise and D makes half a
revolution anticlockwise, and
when A makes one revolution clockwise and D is stationary ?
The number of teeth on the gears A and D are 40 and 90 respectively.
Solution: Given, =40, =90
Let , , and be the pitch circle diameters of gears A, B, C and D
respectively. Therefore from the geometry of the figure,
• 

When gear A makes 1 revolution clockwise,

-x-y=-1….(i)
When gear D makes half revolution anticlockwise,
x* -y=0.5….(ii)
Solving x=1.04 and y=-0.04
Speed of arm =-y=0.04 revolution anticlockwise
Speed of the arm when A makes 1 revolution clockwise and D is stationary
•Problem
  13.8 : In an epicyclic gear tarin the internal wheels A and B and
compound wheels C and D rotate independently about axis O. The wheels E
and F rotate on pins fixed to the arm G. E gear with A and C; F gears with B
and D.
All the wheels have same number of teeth are:=28, =26, ==18
(i) Sketch the arrangement
(ii) Find the number of teeth on A and B.
(iii) If the arm G makes 100 rpm clockwise when A is fixed ; and wheel A
makes 10 rpm counter clockwise. Find speed of B.
Problem 13.11: Figure shows A compound epicyclic gear train wheels A,D
and E are free to rotate independently on spindle O, while B and C are
compound and rotate together on P , on the end of the arm OP. All the teeth
on different wheels have same module. A has 12 teeth, B has 30 teeth and c
has 14 teeth cut externally. Find the number of teeth on wheel D and E
which are cut internally.
If wheel A is driven clock wise at 1 rps while D is driven counter clock wise
at 5 rps, determine the magnitude and direction of the angular velocities of
arm OP and wheel E.
•  Assignment
(i) Exercise Problem 13.11
A compound epicyclic gear is shown diagrammatically in Fig. 13.40. The gears A, D and E are
free to rotate on the axis P. The compound gear B and C rotate together on the axis Q at the
end of arm F. All the gears have equal pitch. The number of external teeth on the gears A, B
and C are 18, 45 and 21 respectively. The gears D and E are annular gears. The gear A rotates at
100 r.p.m. in the anticlockwise direction and the gear D rotates at 450 r.p.m. clockwise. Find
the speed and direction of the arm and the gear E.
(ii)Example Problem NO. 13.20
An epicyclic gear train consists of a sun wheel S, a stationary internal gear E and three identical
planet wheels P carried on a star shaped planet career C. The size of different toothed wheels are
such that planet carrier rotates at th of the speed of the sun wheel S. The minimum number of
teeth is 16. the driving torque on sun wheel is 100 N-m.
Determine
(i) Number of teeth on different wheels of the train.
(ii) Torque necessary to keep the internal gear stationary.