Precis Writing

• Paraphrase
• Summary
• Precis
• Abstract
• Synopsis
 Paraphrase
• Rewording, rephrasing, restating
• No consideration of length, only different
words
• Syntax and diction are complex or foreign
 The Sun Rising
Busy Old Fool, unruly sun
Why dost thou
Through curtains, and through windows call on us?
Must to thy motions, lovers’ seasons run
Saucy pedantic wretch…
You nosy old busybody, you obey no normal rules.
Why do you come disturbing us, waking us with your
light which shines through the curtains and
windows…
 For prose too
• It is a fact universally acknowledged that a
single man in possession of a good fortune
must be in want of a wife.

• Everyone agrees on this point that a

prosperous man needs to have a wife.
 Summary/Precis
• Used interchangeably
• Summary is main points of a text.
• Order of points rearranged if desired by the reader. No
limitation as far as the words are concerned but has to be
shorter than the original.
• Precis is a summary containing the gist, crux or essence of the
given literary text or passage.
• It is one third of the original length.
• To understand this think miniature. All the details have to be
there but the over all impression is one of economy and
compression and condensation.
 Synopsis
• Topic
• The topic for research should be selected carefully. It should be specific and
• about the general issues at national or international level.
• Introduction
• It should provide a brief description to explain the area of the proposed research
• work by the researcher.
• Review of Literature
• A review of the relevant literature is another very important part of the synopsis,
• showing the work done previously in the area of proposed research is essential to
• plan further research effectively and in a proper way. The information given in the
• review should be supported by references.
• Justification and Likely Benefits
• It is important to provide justification for undertaking the proposed research,
• perhaps in the light of previous work done. cademic merit. The total length
• of a synopsis may run from 1,
• Main Objectives of the Study
• Broad objectives to be achieved should be clearly mentioned and these should be
• itemized. These objectives will indicate the major aspects of the study to be
• undertaken.
• Hypothesis of Study
• Hypothesis is statement which is to be tested for possible acceptance or rejection.
• Hypothesis are of two types i.e. Null (Ho) and Alternative (H1). Null hypothesis is
• tested for possible rejection, where as alternative hypothesis is tested for
• possible acceptance.
• Significance of Study
• It emphasized on the significance/ importance of the research work/study i.e. why
• we selected the topic under discussion.
• Statement of Problem
• The researcher has to clearly identify the problem/issue selected for thesis.
• Plan of Work and Methodology

•A plan of work describing the various aspects of the study in a logical sequence along with the
methodologies to be employed, are the most important crux of any research plan. It helps to
demonstrate that the researcher has a fairly good idea about the nature of work likely to be involved.
In the case of social sciences what resource materials will be used; whether the required information
will be obtained from primary or secondary sources, etc. A time schedule for the various aspects of
•the proposed research may be provided wherever possible.
•Sources of data (Primary or Secondary)
•Survey, questionnaires, Interviews, focus group interviews, observation,
•case-studies, diaries, critical incidents, portfolios,books, journals,
•periodicals, abstracts, indexes, directories, research reports, conference
•papers, market reports, annual reports, internal records of organizations,
•newspapers & magazines, CD-ROMs, on-line databases, Internet, videos &
•broadcasts.
•
•f an acceptable a
• References and Bibliography
• Synopsis should contain at the end a list of references, and a bibliography
if required. These should be written on a standard pattern.
• Length of a synopsis
• It will be difficult to define an overall length for a synopsis for
MSc/M.Phil/Ph.D. Research in such varied fields of study. Whereas it
should be concise as far as possible and avoid repetitions, it should also
provide sufficient details on the various aspects mentioned above to show
that the research involved has been well understood and planned, and it is
of 1500 words.
 Abstract
•AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE FOOD STAMP PROGRAM AFTER WELFARE REFORM
• 
•Erik Speicher 
•February, 2003 
•Economics 
•Abstract 
•This thesis explores the effects the changes from welfare reform have had on the Food Stamp
Program. The hypothesis states will the passing of the Personal Responsibility and Work
Opportunity Reconciliation Act create a negative impact on the food stamp participation rates.
The Food Stamp Program effectively provides low-income households with means to buy food.
Through the use of a regression the hypothesis is tested using a series of economic and welfare
reform explanatory variables. If the changes from the reform have created a negative impact
will the program be able to continue to act as an economic stabilizer? This is an especially
pressing issue considering it is one of the only entitlement programs left in the United States
welfare system.
• 
•KEYWORDS: (Food Stamp Program, Welfare Reform, Recession)
• 
• THE ART MARKET: AN ECONOMETRIC MODEL
• Jordan A. Pock 
• May 2003 
• Economics 
• Abstract 
• While traditionally art holds value in its intrinsic qualities and ability to convey
meaning, through style, composition and content, this study analyzes the
economic components of art. These include the supply and demand of art as well
as the risk and return of holding art as an investment. This study attempts to
explain the price, substitutes and finance of art, and in doing so identifies variables
that lead to the price determination of paintings. Furthermore its aim is to identify
potential market inefficiencies in an effort to earn higher than average return on
investment.
•  
• KEYWORDS: (Art market, Cultural Goods, Investments)