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Moles of water
Moles of air
p A Partial pressure of water
pt Total pressure
M A Molecular weight of water
M B Molecular weight of air
Air Air
Water
Psychrometric chart
TDP Tad or T2
The cooling tower is one of the most important device in chemical
industries for example when the hot water come from heat
exchanger we use the cooling tower to cool it.
The water is distributed by troughs and overflows to cascade over slat gratings or
packing that provides large interfacial areas of contact between the water and air
in the form of droplets and films of water.
The flow of air upward through the tower can be induced by the buoyancy of the
warm air in the tower (natural draft) or by the action of a fan.
.
The water cannot be cooled
below the wet bulb
temperature
• Frame and casing: support exterior
enclosures
• Fill: facilitate heat transfer by
maximizing water / air contact
• Splash fill
• Film fill
Three types
• Forced draft
• Induced draft cross flow
• Induced draft counter flow
Forced Draft Cooling Towers
• Air blown through tower
by centrifugal fan at air
inlet
• Advantages: suited for
high air resistance & fans
are relatively quiet
• Disadvantages:
recirculation due to high
air-entry and low air-exit
velocities
Induced Draft Cooling Towers
• Two types
• Cross flow
• Counter flow
• Advantage: less recirculation than forced draft towers
• Disadvantage: fans and motor drive mechanism require
weather-proofinh
Induced Draft Counter Flow CT
• Hot water enters at the top
• Air enters at bottom and exits at top
• Uses forced and induced draft fans
Induced Draft Cross Flow CT
• Water enters top and passes over fill
• Air enters on one side or opposite sides
• Induced draft fan draws air across fill
Measured Parameters
1. Range
Hot Water Temperature (In)
Difference between
cooling water inlet and
outlet temperature:
Range
(In) to the Tower
(Out) from the
Range (°C) = CW inlet Tower
temp – CW outlet temp
performance
Wet Bulb Temperature (Ambient)
2. Approach
Difference between cooling tower
outlet cold water temperature and
ambient wet bulb temperature:
Hot Water Temperature (In)
Approach (°C) =
CW outlet temp – Wet bulb temp
Range
(In) to the Tower
Low approach = good performance (Out) from the
Tower
3. Effectiveness
Effectiveness in %
Hot Water Temperature (In)
Range
(CW in temp – Wet bulb temp) (In) to the Tower
(Out) from the
Tower
High effectiveness = good
performance
Cold Water Temperature
(Out)
Approach
Wet Bulb Temperature
(Ambient)
4. Cooling Capacity
Heat rejected in kCal/hr or tons of refrigeration (TR)
Range
(In) to the Tower
(Out) from the
Tower
Range
= 0.00085 x 1.8 x circulation rate (m3/hr) (In) to the Tower
(Out) from the
x (T1-T2) Tower
Approach
Wet Bulb Temperature
(Ambient)
6. Cycles of concentration (C.O.C.)
Ratio of dissolved solids in circulating water to the
dissolved solids in make up water
Enthalpy of air water vapor mixture at inlet wet bulb temp (h1) and outlet wet
bulb temp (h2)
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
Drying is applied
•Chemical Industries,
•Agricultural,
•Biotechnology,
•Food,
•Ceramics,
•Pharmaceutical,
•Pulp and paper,
•Mineral processing, and
•Wood processing industries.
Drying is more energy-intensive unit operations
Bound moisture:
Liquid is physically or chemically bounded in the solid pores and hence it exert a vapor pressure
lower than that of pure liquid at the same temperature.
Unbound moisture:
Moisture in solid which exerts vapor pressure equal to that of pure liquid at the same temperature.
Ms Ms Xc Xe
Drying time (Xi XC ) ( X c X e ) ln
A NC A NC X X
f e
examples :
Temperature (°C)
T2 T1