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Types:
•Nuclear cataract is located in the center
of the lens. The nucleus tends to darken,
changing from clear to yellow and
sometimes brown.
•Cortical cataract affects the layer of the
lens surrounding the nucleus. The cataract
looks like a wedge or a spoke.
•Posterior capsular cataract is found in
the back outer layer of the lens. This type
often develops more rapidly.
Blurred or hazy vision
Reduced intensity of colors
Increased sensitivity to glare from lights, particularly
when driving at night
Increased difficulty seeing at night
Change in the eye's refractive error, or prescription
Most cataracts are due to age-related changes in the
lens of the eye
Diabetes Mellitus
Drugs:
Corticosteroids
Chlorpromazine and other phenothiazine-related
medications
UV radiation
Smoking
Alcohol
Nutritional deficiency: low levels of antioxidants (for
example, vitamin C, vitamin E and carotenoids)
Eyes infection and injury
While there are no clinically proven approaches to
preventing cataracts, simple preventive strategies include:
Reducing exposure to sunlight through UV-blocking lenses
Decreasing or stopping smoking
Increasing antioxidant vitamin consumption by eating
more leafy green vegetables and taking nutritional
supplements
Early detection
DM patient: glucose control and take medication regularly
Health promotion
CONGENITAL CATARACT
Congenital cataracts usually are diagnosed in newborns.
Etiology:
•Intrauterine infections (rubella
(the most common), rubeola,
chicken pox, cytomegalovirus,
herpes simplex, herpes zoster,
poliomyelitis, influenza, Epstein-
Barr virus, syphilis, and
toxoplasmosis).
•Metabolic disorders
•Genetically transmitted
syndromes: 23% of congenital
cataracts are familial.
• Genetic: All close family members should be examined
• Maintaining the health of pregnant women; TORCHS
screening
• Removal of the cataract
• Glaucoma screenings.
• Visual rehabilitation : Refractive correction
• Screening for amblyopia, retinal detachment, or glaucoma
0.78% blindness due to cataracts that are not treated in
Indonesia and in the 2014 national survey reported a cataract
prevalence of 1.8% and most cases were found in South East
Asia
Cataracts were the most common events compared to glaucoma
disease (increased eye pressure), disorders in the cornea and
disorders / diseases in the posterior segment of the eyeball.
Indonesian people tend to suffer from cataracts 15 years faster
than in subtropical areas.
16-22% cataract surgery before 56 y.o.
E Chart
Snellen
Chart
Landolt C
XEROPTHALMIA
• Xeros: Kering; Opthalmia: Mata Mata kering
Kelainan pd mata akibat kurang vit A
• Vit A menghasilkan sel fotoreseptor di retina &
memberikan nutrisi pada mata.
• XN : Night
Blindness/Buta senja
(Nyctalopia)
• X1A : Xerosis
Conjungtiva
• X1B : Bercak Bitot
• X2 : Xerosis kornea
• X3A : ulcus cornea
<1/3
• X3B : ulcus cornea
>1/3
• XS : corneal scars
• XF : xeropthalmic
fundus (pd orang
dewasa)
EPIDEMIOLOGI DEFISIENSI
VITAMIN A
• Tempat pemberian:
a) Sarana fasilitas kesehatan (RS, Puskesmas, Pustu, Polindes,
Balai pengobatan, praktek dokter, bidan swasta).
b) Posyandu
c) PAUD, TK, tempat penitipan anak
Apa yg hrs dilakukan tenaga
kesehatan?
• Mengetahui jumlah sasaran & menghitung kebutuhan
kapsul vit A.
• Mengupayakan cakupan distribusi kapsul vit A 100%.
• Melaporkan kasus Xeroftalmia.
• Mengadakan pelacakan ke daerah kasus.
• Menindak lanjuti laporan bila ditemukan kasus BGM,
campak, kelainan mata yang dicurigai.
Apa yang harus dilakukan oleh tenaga
kesehatan?
Semua anak dengan kasus Bawah Garis Merah,
infeksi/ campak, harus dilakukan:
o Anamnesa pola makan
o Anamnesa gejala awal Kurang Vit A: buta senja
o Pemeriksaan mata
Kapsul Vit A:
1. Hari pertama (saat ditemukan) 1 kapsul vit A sesuai umur
Bayi ≤5 bln: ½ kapsul biru
Bayi 6-11 bln: 1 kapsul biru
Anak 12-59 bln: 1 kapsul merah
Dampak
Kesehatan
Sosial ekonomi
Malas berkomunikasi
Emosional
Mengisolasi diri
• Survei Kes Indera Pendengaran tahun 1994 -1996
di 7 Propinsi prevalensi presbikusis sebesar 2.6 %.
• Indonesia : tahun 2005 ; usia > 60 thn 19.9 juta
(8.48 %)
• Jabar : tahun 2005 ; 1.04 juta
• Tahun 2025 jumlah tsb menjadi 4 x lipat dari tahun
1990,merupakan jumlah tertinggi di dunia.
REHABILITASI