Unit Iv Magnetic Forces and Materials

UNIT IV
MAGNETIC FORCES
AND MATERIALS
IFETCE/ECE/T.sivasakthi/S.vithyalakshmi/II YEAR/IV SEM/EC 6403/EMF/UNIT-4/PPT/VER 1

1.2
MAGNETIC FORCES AND MATERIALS
Force on a moving charge, Force on a differential
current element, Force between current elements,
Force and torque on a closed circuit, The nature of
magnetic materials, Magnetization and permeability,
Magnetic boundary conditions involving magnetic
fields, The magnetic circuit, Potential energy and
forces on magnetic materials, Inductance, Basic
expressions for self and mutual inductances,
Inductance evaluation for solenoid, toroid, coaxial
cables and transmission lines, Energy stored in
Magnetic fields

1.2
FORCE ON A MOVING CHARGE
• A charged particle in motion in a magnetic filed of

flux density B is experienced a force.
• The force is proportional to the product of the
magnitude of the charge Q, its velocity v & flux
density B & to the sine of the angle between v and B.
 
F  Q(V  B)
F  QvB sin 

3
1.2
The electrical force on a charged particle in electric field
of intensity E is,
F  QE

The force on a moving particle due to combined electric
& magnetic field is obtained.
F  QE
  Qv  B

F  Fe  Fm
F  Q  E  v  B
This force is called Lorentz force.
4
1.2
LORENTZ LAW OF FORCE
• If a point charge is moving in a region where both

electric and magnetic fields exist, then it
experiences a total force given by
F  QE  Qv  B
• The Lorentz force equation is useful for
determining the equation of motion for electrons in
electromagnetic deflection systems such as CRTs .

5
1.2
FORCE ON A DIFFERENTIAL CURRENT
ELEMENT
• The magnitude of the force is given by,
F=ILB sinθ
• Actually the magnetic field exerts a magnetic force
on the electrons which constitutes the current I. But
these electrons are part of the conductor; this
magnetic force gets transferred to the conductor
lattice. Now this transferred force can perform work
on the conductor as a whole

6
1.2
FORCE BETWEEN CURRENT
ELEMENTS

7
1.2
FORCE AND TORQUE ON A CLOSED
CIRCUIT
• When a current loop is placed parallel to magnetic

field, forces act on the loop that tend to rotate it.
• The tangential force multiplied by the radial
distance at which it acts is called TORQUE or
MECHANICAL MOMENT on the loop.
• Consider a rectangular loop of length’ l ‘ and
breadth ‘b’ carrying a current I in al uniform
magnetic field of flux density B.

8
1.2
The force acting on the loop is,
F  BIl sin 
l
Axis of rotation
b
B
9
1.2
CURRENT LOOP
F
θ
b

10
1.2
If the loop plane is parallel to the magnetic field,
the total torque on the loop,
T  2  torque on each side

 2  force  dis tan ce
b
 2 Bl sin 
2
 BIlb sin 
 BIA sin  ( areaA  lB )
11
1.2
Torque is given by, T  BIA sin 
The magnetic moment of the loop is IA
m  IAnˆ
T  mB sin  nˆ
In vector form torque can be represented as,
T  m B Magnetic moment is defined

as the maximum torque on the
T loop per unit magnetic
m
B induction.
12
1.2
NATURE OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS
• Magnetic field is present around a current carrying
conductor. It is also exist around the magnet.
• Depending upon their magnetic behavior, substances
can be classified into three groups.
• The material with relative permeability ,it is called
diamagnetic.
paramagnetic.
ferromagnetic

13
1.2
DIAMAGNETIC MATERIALS
• In the absence of applied magnetic field, each atom
has net zero magnetic dipole moment.
• In the presence of an applied magnetic field, the
angular velocities of the electronic orbits are
changed.
• These induced magnetic dipole moments align
themselves opposite to the applied field.
• Thus, m < 0 and mr < 1.

14
1.2
DIAMAGNETIC MATERIALS (CONT’D)
• Usually, diamagnetism is a very miniscule effect in

natural materials - that is mr  1.
• Diamagnetism can be a big effect in superconductors
and in artificial materials.
• Diamagnetic materials are repelled from either pole
of a magnet.
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15
PARAMAGNETIC MATERIALS
• In the absence of applied magnetic field, each atom has
net non-zero (but weak) magnetic dipole moment. These
magnetic dipoles moments are randomly oriented so that
the net macroscopic magnetization is zero.
• In the presence of an applied magnetic field, the magnetic
dipoles align themselves with the applied field so that m
> 0 and mr > 1.
• Usually, paramagnetism is a very miniscule effect in
natural materials - that is mr  1.
• Paramagnetic materials are (weakly) attracted to either
pole of a magnet.
16
1.2
FERROMAGNETIC MATERIALS
• Ferromagnetic materials include iron, nickel and
cobalt and compounds containing these elements.
• In the absence of applied magnetic field, each atom
has very strong magnetic dipole moments due to
uncompensated electron spins.
• Regions of many atoms with aligned dipole
moments called domains form.
• In the absence of applied magnetic field, the
domains are randomly oriented so that the net
macroscopic magnetization is zero.

17
1.2
(CONT’D)
• In the presence of an applied magnetic field, the
domains align themselves with the applied field.
• The effect is a very strong one with m >> 0 and mr
>> 1.
• Ferromagnetic materials are strongly attracted to
either pole of a magnet.
• In ferromagnetic materials:
– the permeability is much larger than the
permeability of free space
18
1.2
(CONT’D)
• In ferromagnetic materials, the relationship B =
mH can be illustrated by means of a
magnetization curve (also called hysteresis loop).
B
remanence
(retentivity)
coercivity

19
1.2
MAGNETIZATION
• The magnetization or net magnetic dipole moment

per unit volume is given by
average
M  Nm magnetic
dipole
moment
Number of [Am2]
[A/m]
dipoles per unit
volume [m-3]
20
1.2
PERMEABILITY
• For some materials, the net magnetic dipole moment
per unit volume is proportional to the H field
M  m H
magnetic • the units of

susceptibility
both M and H
are A/m.
(dimensionless)

21
1.2
• Assuming that M  m H
we have
B   0  H  M    0 1   m  H   H
• The parameter  is the permeability of the
material.

22
• The concepts of magnetization and magnetic dipole
moment distribution are introduced to relate
microscopic phenomena to the macroscopic fields.
• The introduction of permeability eliminates the need
for us to explicitly consider microscopic effects.
• Knowing the permeability of a magnetic material tells
us all we need to know from the point of view of
macroscopic electromagnetic.

23
1.2
RELATIVE PERMEABILITY
• The relative permeability of a magnetic material is

the ratio of the permeability of the magnetic material
to the permeability of free space

24
MAGNETIC BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
INVOLVING MAGNETIC FIELDS
The boundary conditions between 2 different magnetic
materials are:
1. The tangential component of magnetic field intensity
is continuous across the boundary.
2. The normal component of magnetic flux density is
continuous across the boundary.
Consider a boundary between 2 isotropic
homogenous media with permeabilities µ1 and µ2.

25
1.2
MEDIUM 1 MEDIUM 2
µ1 Δy µ2.
Δx
Ht1 Ht2
BOUNDARY BETWEEN 2 MAGNETIC MEDIA

26
1.2
Consider a small rectangle of width Δx and length Δy
at the boundary of the 2 media.
Let Ht1 be the tangential component of magnetic field
in medium 1 and Ht2 be the tangential component of
magnetic field in medium 2.
According to Ampere’s law,
 H .dL  I
27
1.2
If there is no current enclosed by the path,
 H .dL  0
H t1y  H t 2 y  0
H t1  H t 2
The tangential component of H in medium 1 is same as

in medium 2.

28
PILL BOX AT THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN 2
MAGNETIC MEDIA
Bn1
ds
MEDIUM 1
µ1
µ2 MEDIUM 2
Bn2
29
1.2
• Consider a pill box of surface area ds across the
boundary between 2 isotropic homogenous media.
• Let Bn1 be the normal component of magnetic flux
density in medium 1 and Bn2 be the normal
component of magnetic flux density in medium 2.

30
1.2
By Gauss’s law for magnetic field,
 B.ds  0
s
Bn1ds  Bn 2 ds  0
Bn1  Bn 2
The normal component of magnetic flux density B is
continuous across the boundary.

31
1.2
MEDIUM 2
Bt2
µ2 Bn2
B2
θ2
Ht2
µ1 Ht1
θ1
Bn1
B1 Bt1
MEDIUM 1
BOUNDARY SURFACE BETWEEN 2 MAGNETIC MEDIA

32
1.2
Consider the magnetic lines away from the normal
across the boundary.
From the fig.,
Bn1  B1 cos1
But,
Bn 2  B2 cos  2
(boundary condition)
Bn1  Bn 2
B1 cos1  B2 cos 2 -------------(1)

33
1.2
Bt1
H t1 
1
Bt 2
Ht 2 
2
H t1  H t 2
But (boundary condition)
Bt 1 Bt 2

1 2

34
1.2
 2 Bt1   1 Bt 2
From the
fig., Bt1  B1 sin 1
Bt 2  B2 sin  2
Substituting these values in the above
equations,
 2 B1 sin 1   1 B2 sin  2 -----------(2)

35
1.2
Dividing equation (2) by (1),
 2 B1 sin 1  1 B2 sin  2

B1 cos1 B2 cos 2
 2 tan 1   1 tan  2
tan 1  1

tan  2  2
36
MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
• Magnetic circuits are continuous and form
closed paths.
• Magnetic flux through a magnetic circuit is
given as,
Flux=mmf/reluctance
• Magneto motive force of a magnetic circuit is
equal to the line integral of magnetic field H
around the closed path.
mmf   Hdl  NI Amp-turns
37
• Reluctance is defined as the ratio of total mmf to the
flux through the magnetic circuit.
Reluctance=mmf/ magnetic flux
Hdl
  
BA
Hl

BA
Hl
  B   H 
 HA

38
l
 Henry 1
A
The reciprocal of reluctance is permeance
1
P

 A Henry
P
l

39
1.2
BASIC EXPRESSIONS FOR SELF AND
MUTUAL INDUCTANCES
SELF INDUCTANCE:
• Property of the circuit by which changing current
induces emf in the circuit to oppose the changing
current.
• Consider a coil having ‘N’ turns. If changing
current (alternating current) is applied, the emf is
induced in the coil.The induced emf is proportional
to the rate of change of current.

40
1.2
di
v
dt
di
vL
dt
Where L is the self inductance (i.e.) constant of
proportionality
From Faraday’s law, the induced emf is,
d
vN
dt
41
1.2
Equating those 2 equations,
di d
L = N
dt dt
d
LN
di
If the permeability is constant, then
Inductance is defined as
N the ratio of total magnetic
L flux linkage to the current
i
through the coil.
42
1.2
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
Mutual inductance between 2 coils is defined as the
ratio of induced magnetic linkage in one coil to the
current through the other coil
d12
v2  N 2
dt
di1
v2
dt
di1
v2  M
dt
1.2
di1 d12
M  N2
dt dt
d12
M  N2
di1
N 212
M
i1
Similarly if the flux φ21 is produced in the second
coil current i2, the induced emf v1 in coil 1 is
proportional to the rate of change of current i2.
44
1.2
di2
v1
dt
di2
v1  M
I Flux dt
concentrated
d21
mainly in core - v1  N1
not in dt
surrounding air
d21
M  N1
di2
21
M  N1
i1
45
1.2
INDUCTANCE EVALUATION FOR
SOLENOID
S t a tio n a r y c o re S lid in g c o re
(p lu n g e r)
S p rin g C o il
1.2
A solenoid produces mechanical motion from an
electrical signal.
Consider a solenoid of N number of turns, carrying a
current I.
If B is the flux density and A is the area of cross-section
of the solenoid, then the flux linkage through the
solenoid is,
Nφ=NBA
= NBA/I

47
0 NI
For long solenoid, B
l
Substitute the value of B in the above equation,
NA  0 NI 
L . 
I  l 
0 N A 2
L H
l

48
INDUCTANCE EVALUATION FOR
TOROID

49
1.2
50
Consider a toroid of N turns, carrying a current I with
mean radius R.
If B is the flux density in the toroid, then
0 NI
B
l
Where l is the mean length of coil.
l  2 R
0 NI
B
2 R
51
The flux linkage in the toroid is Nφ.
N  NBA
0 NI
 NA
2 R
0 N AI
2

2 R
Where A is the area of cross section of coil.
If r is the radius of the coil, A=πr2
0 N I . r 2 2
N 
2 R
0 N r I 2 2

2R
• Inductance of the toroid is,
L  N
0 N r I 2 2
L
2 RI
0 N r 2 2
L H
2R
INDUCTANCE EVALUATION FOR CO-
AXIAL CABLE& TRANSMISSION LINES
Consider a co-axial cable of inner radius ‘a’ and outer
radius ‘b’.
Let I be the current in the inner cylinder and –I be the
current in the outer cylinder.
Consider a annual ring of thickness dr at a distance r
from the centre of the cable.
The flux density B is given by,
0 I
B
2 r
54
The total flux linkage per unit length between a and b
is given by,
0 I b
 .dr
a
2 r
0 I
 ln r  a
b

2
0 I  b 
 ln  
2  a 
55
Inductance of co-axial cable per unit length is
given by,

L
I
0  b 
L ln  
2  a 

56
1.2
ENERGY STORED IN MAGNETIC FIELDS
The energy stored in a magnetic field is given by,
1 2
W  LI
2
The inductance of the solenoid is given by,
0 N A 2
L
l
Substituting the value of L in the above equation,

1.2
1 0 N A 2 2
W I
2 l
2
1  NI 
 0   lA
2  l 
1  NI 
W  0 H 2lA H  
2  l 
Energy stored per unit volume,
1
w   0 H .J / m
2 3
volume  IA
2
58
1
w   0 H  H
2
Magnetic energy density,
1
w  BH Joules / m3
2
The energy stored in a magneto-static field is,
W   wdv
v

59
1.2
1
W   B.H .dv
2v
1
W    H 2 dv
2

60
1.2

Unit Iv Magnetic Forces and Materials

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UNIT IV

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• A charged particle in motion in a magnetic filed of

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• If a point charge is moving in a region where both

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• When a current loop is placed parallel to magnetic

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T  2  torque on each side

T  m B Magnetic moment is defined

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• Usually, diamagnetism is a very miniscule effect in

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• The magnetization or net magnetic dipole moment

magnetic • the units of

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• The relative permeability of a magnetic material is

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BOUNDARY BETWEEN 2 MAGNETIC MEDIA

The tangential component of H in medium 1 is same as

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BOUNDARY SURFACE BETWEEN 2 MAGNETIC MEDIA

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 2 B1 sin 1   1 B2 sin  2 -----------(2)

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From Faraday’s law, the induced emf is,

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The energy stored in a magneto-static field is,

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