Human Anatomy And Physiology

Unit-1
By Muhammad Shahid
MSN, CHQP,BSN, DPBCN, RN, BSc
Program Coordinator
School Of Nursing
Kharadar General Hospital
 Objectives
At the completion of this unit, learners will be
able to:
1. Define the term Anatomy & Physiology (A&P)
2. Understand the relationship between A&P
3. Define level of organization of the body
4. Define anatomical position
5. Describe the various body planes.
6. Define the body cavities.
 Conti…
7. Discuss body cavities and list the organs lying
within each cavity
8. Identify abdominal pelvic region & quadrant
9. Identify the organs present in Nine (9) abdomino
pelvic regions.
10. Briefly discuss the importance of abdomino
pelvic quadrants and regions.
 Human Anatomy And Physiology

• Human anatomy: it is the study of the structure of

human body and its constitutes parts.
• The word “anatomy” comes from a Greek root that
means “to cut apart.” Human anatomy was first
studied by observing the exterior of the body and
observing the wounds of soldiers and other injuries.
 Cont…
• Gross anatomy: is the study of the larger structures of the
body, those visible without the aid of magnification.
• Macro- means “large,” thus, gross anatomy is also referred
to as macroscopic anatomy.
• In contrast, micro- means “small,” and microscopic anatomy
is the study of structures that can be observed only with the
use of a microscope or other magnification devices.
• Microscopic anatomy includes:
• Cytology: the study of cells
• Histology: the study of tissues.
 Conti…
• Regional anatomy: is the study of the
interrelationships of all of the structures in a
specific body region, such as the abdomen.
• Systemic anatomy: is the study of the structures
that make up a discrete body system—that is, a
group of structures that work together to
perform a unique body function.
• Physiology: it is the study of the functions of the
normal human body.
 Relationship Between A&P
• The relationship between anatomy and
physiology are that they will always correlate
with each other anatomy being the study of
the actual physical organs and their structure
as well as their relationship to each other.
• While physiology studies how those organs
work to function the whole body as organ
systems.
 Level of Organization of The Body
1. Chemical Level
2. Cellular Level
3. Tissue Level
4. Organ Level
5. Organ System Level
6. Organism Level
Organization level of human body
 Systems of the Body

1. Locomotor System: it includes

a. Skeletal System: Bones
b. Articulacy system: Joints
c. Muscular System: Muscles
2. Blood Vascular System:
d. Circulatory system: it includes Heart , Blood and blood
Vessels.
e. Lymphatic System: Lymph and vessels.
 Systems of the Body
3. Digestive system: Start from mouth and ends at
anus. It includes alimentary canal or GI tract and
all organ present in it.
4. Respiratory System: it includes respiratory
passages carrying air and all organs which help in
breathing.
5. Uro-genital System: it includes
a. Urinary System: Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder
and urethera.
b. Male and female Reproductive Systems.
 Conti…
6. Endocrine System: it includes endocrine
glands and hormone.
7. Nervous System:
a. Central Nervous System: Includes Brain and
spinal cord.
b. Peripheral Nervous system: includes nerves
given off from brain and spinal cord and
autonomic system.
 8. Special Senses
1. Tongue = Taste
2. Eyes = Sight
3. Nose = Smell
4. Ears = Hearing
5. Skin = Touch
9. Excretory System: It includes organ helping in
excretion/removing waste products from the
body. Such as urinary system, lungs and colon
 Anatomical Terms:
1. Medial: towards the center
2. Lateral : towards the side
3. Internal: inside
4. External: outside
5. Superficial: above the surface
6. Deep: towards the surface
7. Anterior: front
8. Posterior: Back
9. Ventral : Front parts of the body.
10. Dorsal : back parts of the body.
 Conti…
11. Superior: above
12. Inferior: below
13. Proximal: Near
14. Distal : for
15. Peripheral: Near the edge
16. Intermediate: In the middle
17. Dorsal Surface of Hand: Back of hand.
18. Palmer surface of hand: Inner side of hand
19. Dorsal surface Foot: Top of Foot
20. Planter surface of foot: sole of foot
Quadrants of abdominopelvic cavity
 Body Cavities
• Body cavities are spaces inside the body
containing internal organs.
• Body is divided into two main cavities.
1. Dorsal cavity.
2. Ventral cavity.
1. Dorsal Cavity: Contains
a. Cranial cavity: Brain and parts of brain.
b. Ventral cavity: Spinal cord, vertebrae
and spinal nerves.
 Body Cavities
• Ventral cavity:
a. Thoracic cavity: is divided into main
a. Two pleural cavities: containing two lungs and line
covering and thoracic part.
b. Pericardial cavity: containing heart.
c. Mediastinum: it is the region between the two lungs
from breast bone to back containing heart and all their
structures in the thoracic cavity except lungs.
b. Abdominal cavity: contains digestive system organs
and separated from thoracic by diaphragm.
 Abdominopelvic cavity Regions
• There are 9 regions of abdominopelvic cavity.
1. Right Hypochondrium:
Liver, Gallbladder, Right Kidney, Small Intestine
2. Left Hypochondrium:
Spleen, Colon, Left Kidney, Pancreas
3. Epigastrium
Stomach, Liver, Pancreas, Duodenum, Spleen,
Adrenal Glands
 Abdominopelvic cavity Regions
4. Right Lumber Region
Gallbladder, Liver, Right Colon
5. Left Lumber Region
Descending Colon, Left Kidney
6. Umbilical Region
Umbilicus, Jejunum, Ileum,
Duodenum
 Abdominopelvic cavity Regions
7.Right Iliac Fossa:
• Appendix, Cecum
8.Left Iliac Fossa:
• Descending Colon, Sigmoid
Colon
9.Hypogastrium:
• Urinary Bladder, Sigmoid Colon,
Female Reproductive Organs
 Body Fluids
• About 60 % of body weight is water.
• 1. Intracellular fluids: about 70% inside the
cell.
• 2. Extracellular fluids: about 15% to 20%
outside the cell.
• Blood Plasma: 10% to 15 % in blood vessels.
 Reference
Tortora, G. J. (2000). Principles of Human
Anatomy and Physiology (3rd ed). New York:
Happer & Row.