MAGNETISM

The Earth
Earth is a giant magnet.

Magnetic Poles Geographic Poles

North and South North and South
Magnetic Declination
 Inclinometer
An example of an inclinometer showing the
Earth’s magnetic inclination
 Compass Points
The direction of compass points in United States
Types of Magnets

BAR
LOADSTONE

U
COIL
ALNICO
Natural Magnet

Material is Magnetite or Iron

Oxide (Fe2 03)
 Magnets
A very strong magnet can be made with
a coil of wire and the flow of an electric
current.
 Alnico
An extremely strong Alnico permanent
magnet with keeper
 Theory of Magnetism
Molecular and Electron Theories
 Creating Magnets
Methods used to create a magnet
 The picture
shows that a
screwdriver does
not pick up paper
clips.
 Creating Magnets
Stroking using a permanent magnet
 However, after
stroking the
screwdriver with a
magnet, the blade
itself becomes
magnetic and
attracts the paper
clips.
 Flux
 Magnetic lines of
force
 Strongest at the
poles
Removing Magnetism
Heat is one way to remove
magnetism.
Laws of Magnets
Poles attract or repel
Like Poles Repel
 Laws of magnets shown
by flux lines

Unlike poles attract Like poles repel

Stray Lines of Force
Controlling stray lines using a
keeper
 Magnetic Lines of Force
Magnetism will pass through any material
 Notice how the
materials are affected

 Soft iron is a material

that distorts flux
Electromagnetism
 Electromagnets

A large electromagnet
used to lift scrap metal

A 30-foot diameter electromagnet

used in research for a superconductor
 Electromagnets
The source of electromagnetism is electricity
(current) flowing through a coil of wire.
 Electromagnets
A coil of wire can be made into a magnet by passing an
electric current through it.

Without electricity, Electric current applied to a coil

there is no creates a magnetic field
magnetic force
 Electromagnetic Strength
How can an electromagnet be made stronger?

 Increase the number of coils.

 Increase the electric current flowing

through
the coil.
 Add an iron core in the center of the coil.
Electromagnetic Strength
 The left hand rule to
determine North Pole

NORTH POLE SOUTH POLE

 Making a Magnet
An example of a very strong magnet
 Making a Magnet
The magnet is strong
The coil of wire has been enough to lift this 50
attached to a 12 volt DC pound engine cylinder
power source making an head.
extremely strong magnet.
 Saturation
Saturation of a magnetic field occurs when an increase of
electric current flow does not increase the strength of the
magnetic field as shown by the graph. The knee of the
curve is the point that saturation occurs.

Saturation Knee
Y- Axis
Increasing
Magnetic X
Force

X- Axis Increasing Electric

Current
 MAGNETIC COIL LOSSES
 Copper losses - resistance of copper
coils.
 Hysteresis - magnetic flux inducing a
current in the core.
 Eddy currents - magnetic polarity of the
iron core is rapidly changed by an AC
current causing friction and heat
between the molecules
ELECTROMAGNETIC DEVICES
Electromagnetic Devices
Electromagnetic Devices
 MAGNETIC TERMS
 Flux - Invisible lines of force.
 Poles - North and South where force is
strongest.
 Permeability – The ability of a material to
conduct lines of force.
 Residual Magnetism – The ability of a
material to hold its magnetism for a long
time.
 MAGNETIC TERMS

 Ferromagnetic Material – A material easy to

magnetize. (i.e., Iron Steel, Cobalt, Perm-alloy,
and Alnico)
 Paramagnetic Material- A material that can be
slightly magnetized.
 Diamagnetic Material – A material that is very
difficult to magnetize.
 Magnetic Laws – Simply stated: Like poles
repel and unlike poles attract.
 Review
 What are the poles of a magnet?
 Name the magnetic lines of force.
 List five types of magnets and their two
families.
 List the laws of magnets.
 Explain two methods for making a magnet.
 Review
 Explain two theories of magnetism.
 Name five different types of devices that are
associated with electromagnetism?
 List three magnetic and three nonmagnetic
materials.
 What will remove magnetic lines of force?