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HISTORY OF SAFETY AND HEALTH
• The Department of Occupational Safety
and Health (DOSH)
• The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
• Factories and Machinery Act 1967
• Comparison OSHA & FMA
• National Institute of Occupational Safety and
Health
• Differences Between OSHA and NIOSH
 Department of Occupational Safety and Health
(DOSH)

• The Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) is a department

under the Ministry of Human Resources. This department is responsible for
ensuring the safety, health and welfare of people at work as well as
protecting other people from the safety and health hazards arising from the
activities sectors
• To study and review the policies and legislations of occupational safety and
health.
• To enforce the following legislations :
a) Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 and its regulations.
b) Factories and Machinery Act 1967 and its regulations.
c) Part of Petroleum Act 1984 (Safety Measures) and its regulations. 
 HIRACHCY OF LEGISLATION

Order - the arrangement or

disposition of people in
relation to each other
according to a particular
sequence, pattern, or method
 The Occupational Safety and
Health Act (OSHA)

• As defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) "occupational health deals with all aspects
of health and safety in the workplace and has a strong focus on primary prevention of hazards.”
• Since 1950, the International Labor Organization (ILO) and the World Health Organization
(WHO) have shared a common definition of occupational health. It was adopted by the Joint
ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health at its first session in 1950 and revised at its
twelfth session in 1995.
• The goal of an occupational safety and health program is to foster a safe and healthy work
environment. OSHA may also protect co-workers, family members, employers, customers, and
many others who might be affected by the workplace environment.
• In Malaysia, the Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) under the Ministry of
Human Resource is responsible to ensure that the safety, health and welfare of workers in both
the public and private sector is upheld. DOSH is responsible to enforce the Factories and
Machinery Act 1967 and the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994. Malaysia has a statutory
mechanism for worker involvement through elected health and safety representatives and
health and safety committees.
 Objective OSHA
• to secure the safety, health and welfare of persons at work
against risks out of the activities at work;
• to protect person at a place of work other than persons at work
against risks out of the activities at work;
• to promote an occupational environment for persons at work
which is adapted to their physiological and psychological needs;
• to provide the means to be progressively replaced by a system
of regulations and approved industry codes
• to maintain or improve the standards of safety and health.
 Factories and Machinery Act 1967

• An Act to provide for the control of factories with respect to matters

relating to the safety, health and welfare or persons there in, the
registration and inspection of machinery and for matters connected
therewith.
• Consist of 6 important part for example the safety, health and
welfare, person-in-charge and certificates of competency and other.
• Objective of Factory and Machinery Act
a) Control of the factories operation with respect to safety, health
and welfare of the persons
b) Registration and inspection of machinery
Comparison OSHA & FMA
 National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

• Safety and health committees provide a way for management and worker to meet regularly
to discuss workplace safety and health issues. They are to bring together worker’s practical
knowledge of jobs and management’s overview of the workplace and work organization.
• Function of safety and health committee
a) Assist in the development of safety and health rules and safe system of work.
b) Review the effectiveness of safety and health programs.
c) Discuss report and matters from safety officer, enforcement officer, etc.
d) Practices and recommend corrective actions
• The Occupational Safety And Health Act 1994 impose a penalty involving a fine of not
exceeding RM5000 or six months in prison or both of failure to establish a safety
committee at the workplace.
• The representatives of employees in a Safety and Health committee shall be able to
represent the varius section of a place of work in order to maintain and develop the
employees’ interest in establishing a safe and healthy working condition.
 Objective NIOSH
• The main objective is to foster cooperation and consultation
between management and worker in identifying, evaluating
and controlling hazards at workplace
• An effective channel of communication to exchange ideas to
solve Occupational Safety And Health problems
• To enhance interest and motivation of all groups of
management and workers at place of work in Safety And
Health.
 Differences Between OSHA and NIOSH

• OSHA and NIOSH are divisions of two separate government entities.

• OSHA creates and enforces regulations.
• NIOSH is a research and education institution, not a legal enforcement
agency.
• The creation of both NIOSH and OSHA was not accidental.
o The writers of the OSH Act of 1970 knew that improving safety at work
would require a regulatory agency as well as a research institution. That
law mandated the creation of both NIOSH and OSHA, with their
complementary missions specified at the outset
FIRST AID
• WHAT IS FIRST AID ?
• AIMS OF FIRST AID
• PRIORITIES IN FIRST AID
• TYPES OF FIRST AID WHICH REQUIRE TRAINING
• CONTENTS OF A FIRST-AID BOX
• FIRST AID GUIDE
• WHY FIRST AID IMPORTANT ?
• FIRST AID TREATMENT FOR ELECTROCUTION
 WHAT IS FIRST AID ?

• First aid is the first and immediate assistance given to any person suffering
from either a minor or serious illness or injury, with care provided to preserve
life, prevent the condition from worsening, or to promote recovery.
• It includes initial intervention in a serious condition prior to professional
medical help being available, such as performing cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR) while waiting for an ambulance, as well as the complete
treatment of minor conditions, such as applying a plaster to a cut.
•  A First aid is generally performed by someone with basic medical training. 
• There are many situations which may require first aid, and many countries
have legislation, regulation, or guidance which specifies a minimum level of
first aid provision in certain circumstances. 
 AIMS OF FIRST AID

The primary goal of first aid is to prevent death or serious injury from worsening. The key aims of first aid can be
summarized with the acronym of 'the three Ps':

• Preserve life: The overriding aim of all medical care which includes first aid, is to save lives and minimize the
threat of death. First aid done correctly should help reduce the patient's level of pain and calm them down
during the evaluation and treatment process.

• Prevent further harm: Prevention of further harm includes addressing both external factors, such as moving a
patient away from any cause of harm, and applying first aid techniques to prevent worsening of the condition,
such as applying pressure to stop a bleed becoming dangerous.

• Promote recovery: First aid also involves trying to start the recovery process from the illness or injury, and in
some cases might involve completing a treatment, such as in the case of applying a plaster to a small wound.

It is important to note that first aid is not medical treatment and cannot be compared with what a trained medical
professional provides. First aid involves making common sense decisions in best interest of an injured person.
 PRIORITIES IN FIRST AID

Protocols such as ATLS(Advanced Trauma Life Support), BATLS(Battlefield Advanced Trauma Life
Support), SAFE-POINT are based on the principle of defining the priorities and the procedure where
the correct execution of the individual steps achieves the required objective of saving human life. Basic
points of these protocols include:

• Catastrophic bleeding (massive external bleeding)

• Airway (clearing airways)
• Breathing (ensuring respiration)
• Circulation (internal bleeding)
• Disability (neurological condition)
• Environment (overall examination, environment)

A major benefit of these protocols is that they require minimum resources, time and skills with a great
degree of success in saving lives under conditions unfavorable for applying first aid.
 TYPES OF FIRST AID WHICH REQUIRE TRAINING

• Aquatic/Marine first aid is usually practiced by professionals such as lifeguards, professional mariners or in diver
rescue, and covers the specific problems which may be faced after water-based rescue or delayed Medical
Evacuation.
• Battlefield first aid takes into account the specific needs of treating wounded combatants and non-combatants
during armed conflict.
• Hyperbaric first aid may be practiced by underwater diving professionals, who need to treat conditions such as
decompression sickness.
• Oxygen first aid is the providing of oxygen to casualties who suffer from conditions resulting in hypoxia. It is also a
standard first aid procedure for underwater diving incidents where gas bubble formation in the tissues is possible.
• Wilderness first aid is the provision of first aid under conditions where the arrival of emergency responders or the
evacuation of an injured person may be delayed due to constraints of terrain, weather, and available persons or
equipment. It may be necessary to care for an injured person for several hours or days.
• Mental health first aid is taught independently of physical first aid. How to support someone experiencing a mental
health problem or in a crisis situation. Also how to identify the first signs of someone developing mental ill health
and guide people towards appropriate help.
 CONTENTS OF A FIRST-AID BOX

There is no universal agreement upon list for the contents of a first aid kit. The list below show the Recommended Contents
of a First-Aid Box based on the DEPARTMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (DOSH) under the MINISTRY OF
HUMAN RESOURCES MALAYSIA
1. 5 Triangular bandages 130cm x 90cm x 90cm 14. Adhesive tape
2. Sterile eye pads 15. Sterile multi-trauma dressing/gauze
3. Non-sterile 4x4” gauze pads 16. Alcohol prep pads
4. Sterile 4x4” gauze pads 17. Cetavlon
18. Cotton buds
5. Sterile 10x10” gauze pads
19. Barrier device for CPR (pocket mask, face shield)
6. Elastic bandage 20. Elastoplasts/sterile adhesive dressing
7. 4 Roller bandages 7.5 cm 21. Safety pin for triangular bandages
8. 4 Roller bandages 3 cm. 22. Thermometer
9. 4 Roller bandages 2.5 cm 23. First aid manual
10. Cold pack compress gel 24. Waterproof waste bag
25. Inventory of box contents (checklist)
11. Burn sheet/dressing
12. Pairs of gloves (disposable/ non sterile)
13. Stainless steel bandage scissors
 WHY FIRST AID IMPORTANT ?
People often don’t consider the importance of basic first aid education. There are numerous reasons why people put it off. They don’t have the
time. They don’t know where to begin. They don’t believe that accidents will ever happen to them or those close to them. They think they already
have enough knowledge should the need arise.
• Helps to save lives.
A trained person is more reliable, confident and in control of themselves when an emergency arises. People who are trained are more
likely to take immediate action in an emergency situation.
• It allows the rescuer to provide the victim comfort.
Having someone trained in first aid can bring immediate relief to the patient. Being calm and assessing the situation helps the patient relax
while their injuries are being treated and stabilized until emergency personnel arrive.
• It gives you tools to prevent the situation from becoming worse.
In some situations if a patient doesn’t receive basic first aid care immediately their situation will deteriorate. By being able to provide basic
care you can stabilize a patient until emergency medical services arrives. You’ll learn how to use basic household items as tools if a first
aid kit is not available meaning that you’ll be able to cope with many situations. You’ll also be trained in how to collect information and data
about what happened and the patients’ condition. This information will be passed on to the emergency services, which saves them time.
• It creates the confidence to care.
Having a basic first aid knowledge means that you’ll be confident in your skills and abilities in relation to first aid administration. By taking
first aid training, it helps you to reflect on yourself and how you and others react in certain situations. Having this understanding will boost
your confidence in a wide range of non-medical day to day situations.
• It encourages healthy and safe living.
A trained person is better able to asses their surroundings. Knowledge of first aid promotes the sense of safety and well being amongst
people. Having an awareness and desire to be accident free keeps you more safe and reduces the number of causalities and accidents.
 FIRST AID TREATMENT FOR ELECTROCUTION
Lastly as a electrical student we should know the first aid treatment when electrocution happen because this type accident might
happen to use during the work. Even it can be very dangerous for us and it could cause the death of a person. Now if someone is
forced to play electrical shock or electrocuted then what will be your immediate tasks and First Aid?
• First, do not touch the person when they attached to an electrical circuit or open electrical cable.
• Electric Switch or Circuit Breaker should be closed immediately.
• If the Main Switch or Circuit Breaker cannot be closed, then the affected person must be separated from the electricity source
by a dry newspaper, piece of dry wood, wool cloth or rubber.
• If there is no Main Switch or Circuit Breaker then call the electric office or substation to stop the mainline immediately.
• Do not through the water to the electrocuted person.
• The electrocuted person’s neck, chest, and waist cloth should be loosened.
• If you think that the heart pulse of the affected person is stopped, then you must quickly press on his chest or it’s called CPR.
• Make sure to prevent the injured person from becoming chilled.
• Try to cover any burned areas with a sterile gauze bandage if it’s available near to you, or a very clean cloth. Make sure blanket
or towel will not be used in this situation because loose fibers can stick to the burns and it will be painful when it needs to
remove.
• The patient needs to be taken to the hospital as soon as possible.
• If the affected person is conscious but in danger situation then tells him, Help is coming soon.