Chapter 1

Intro. to Data Communication

Outline
• Brief history

– Communications, Information Systems and the Internet

• Data Communications Networks

– Network components, network types

• Network Models

– OSI model, Internet model, Layers

• Network Standards

– Standards making, common standards

• Future Trends

– Pervasive networking, integration of voice, video, and data, new information services

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

No part of this document may be reproduced without written approval from Limkokwing University of Creative Technology Worldwide
 Information Age
• First Industrial Revolution

– Introduction of machinery

– New organizational methods

– Changed the way people worked

• Second Industrial Revolution – Information Age

– Introduction of computers

– Introduction of networking and data communication

– Changed the way people worked again

• Faster communication  Collapsing Information lag

• Brought people together  Globalization

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

No part of this document may be reproduced without written approval from Limkokwing University of Creative Technology Worldwide
Collapsing Information Lag
sped up the rate of
Electronic transmission of information,
telegraph communications

1850 1900 1950 2004

Information took Information huge quantities of

days or weeks to transmitted in information
be transmitted minutes or hours transmitted in a
fraction of a second.

growth of telecommunications and globalization

especially computer networks phenomenon
(WWW)

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

No part of this document may be reproduced without written approval from Limkokwing University of Creative Technology Worldwide
Three Faces of Networking
• Fundamental concepts of networking

– How data moves from one computer to another over a network

– Theories of how network operate

• Technologies in use today

– How theories are implemented, specific products

– How do they work, their use, applications

• Management of networking technologies

– Security

– Network Design

– Managing the network

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

No part of this document may be reproduced without written approval from Limkokwing University of Creative Technology Worldwide
Advances in Phone Telstar
Technology
first trans- (Telecommunications
continental via satellite), Fax Packet-switched
and data
transatlantic services, digital
transmission (T- communications
Phone phone
invented connections carriers)

1962
1876 1915 1948 1976

1919 1969 1984

Microwave
Strowger (stepper) trunk lines Picturefone Cellular
switch, (Canada) (failed telephone
rotary dial phones commercially)
(enabling automatic
connections)
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
No part of this document may be reproduced without written approval from Limkokwing University of Creative Technology Worldwide
Invention to Regulation
FCC established
US
A time for Regulation Carterfone court
Telecom
technological began in the decision allowing
change Act
USA (ICC) non-Bell CPE

1876 1885 1900 1910 1934 1968 1996

AT&T 1970 1984

Phone Bell System:
invented (rapid de facto
acceptance) Consent
monopoly
decree by US
federal court
millions of phones MCI wins court case;
in use in the US begins providing some
long distance services
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
No part of this document may be reproduced without written approval from Limkokwing University of Creative Technology Worldwide
Worldwide Competitive Markets
• Internet market

– Extremely competitive with more than 5000 Internet Service Providers (ISPs) in the
US alone.

– Heavy competition in this area may lead to a shake out in the near future.

• World Trade Organization (WTO) agreement (1997)

– commitments by 68 countries to open, deregulate or lessen regulation in their

telecom markets

• Multi-national telecom companies

– US companies offering services in Europe, South America

– European companies offering services in USA

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

No part of this document may be reproduced without written approval from Limkokwing University of Creative Technology Worldwide
History of Information Systems
Online real-time,
transaction oriented PC LANs
Batch systems (replaced batch
processing become
mainframes processing. DBMSs common
become common)

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

PC revolution
Data communications over
Networking
phone lines (became
everywhere
common and mainframes
became multi-user systems)

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

No part of this document may be reproduced without written approval from Limkokwing University of Creative Technology Worldwide
Internet Milestones
NSFNet commercial
Originally called created as
ARPANET, the Internet access to
US Internet the Internet
began as a military-
academic network backbone begins

1969 1983 1986 1990 2001

1994

ARPANET splits: Government Over 240

• Milnet - for military funding of the million
• Internet - academic, backbone servers
education and research ends and 400
purposes only million
users
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
No part of this document may be reproduced without written approval from Limkokwing University of Creative Technology Worldwide
Components of a Local Area Network
To other networks
(e.g., Internet)
Router
Servers

File
HUB
Server

Client
Web Computers

Server
Circuits

Print Printer
Server
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
No part of this document may be reproduced without written approval from Limkokwing University of Creative Technology Worldwide
Network Types (based on Scale)
• Local Area Networks (LANs) - room, building

– a group of PCs that share a circuit.

• Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) - (< few 10 kms)

– connects LANs and BNs at different locations

– leased lines or other services used to transmit data.

• Wide Area Networks (WANs) - (> few 10 kms)

– Same as MAN except wider scale

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

No part of this document may be reproduced without written approval from Limkokwing University of Creative Technology Worldwide
Intranet vs. Extranet
• Intranet

– A LAN that uses the Internet technologies

– Open only those inside the organization

– Example: insurance related information provided to employees over an intranet

• Extranet

– A LAN that uses the Internet technologies

– Open only those invited users outside the organization

– Accessible through the Internet

– Example: Suppliers and customers accessing inventory information in a company

over an extranet

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

No part of this document may be reproduced without written approval from Limkokwing University of Creative Technology Worldwide
 Important Points to Observe
• Many different software packages (protocols) and many different packets (at different
layers)

– Easy to develop new software

– Simple to change the software at any level

• Matching layers communicate at different computers

– Accomplished by standards

– e.g., Physical layer at the sending computer must be the same in the receiving
computer

• Somewhat inefficient

– Involves many software and packets

– Packet overhead (slower transmission, processing time)

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

No part of this document may be reproduced without written approval from Limkokwing University of Creative Technology Worldwide
 Standards
• Importance

– Provide a “fixed” way for hardware and/or software systems (different companies)
to communicate

– Help promote competition and decrease the price

• Types of Standards

– Formal standards

• Developed by an industry or government standards-making body

– De-facto standards

• Emerge in the marketplace and widely used

• Lack official backing by a standards-making body

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

No part of this document may be reproduced without written approval from Limkokwing University of Creative Technology Worldwide
Major Standards Bodies
• ISO (International Organization for Standardization)

– Technical recommendations for data communication interfaces

– Composed of each country’s national standards orgs.

– Based in Geneva, Switzerland (www.iso.ch)

• ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union –Telecom Group

– Technical recommendations about telephone, telegraph and data

communications interfaces

– Composed of representatives from each country in UN

– Based in Geneva, Switzerland (www.itu.int)

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

No part of this document may be reproduced without written approval from Limkokwing University of Creative Technology Worldwide
Major Standards Bodies (Cont.)
• ANSI (American National Standards Institute)

– Coordinating organization for US (not a standards- making body)

– www.ansi.org

• IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers)

– Professional society; also develops mostly LAN standards

– standards.ieee.org

• IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)

– Develops Internet standards

– No official membership (anyone welcomes)

– www.ietf.org

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

No part of this document may be reproduced without written approval from Limkokwing University of Creative Technology Worldwide
Integration of Voice, Video & Data
• Also called “Convergence”

– Networks that were previously transmitted using separate networks will merge
into a single, high speed, multimedia network in the near future

• First step (already underway)

– Integration of voice and data

• Next Step

– Video merging with voice and data

– Will take longer partly due to the high data rates required for video

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

No part of this document may be reproduced without written approval from Limkokwing University of Creative Technology Worldwide
New Information Services
• World Wide Web based

– Many new types of information services becoming available

• Services that help ensure quality of information received over www

• Application Service Providers (ASPs)

– Develop specific systems for companies

• Providing and operating a payroll system for a company that does not have
one of its own

• Information Utilities (Future of ASPs)

– Providing a wide range of info services (email, web, payroll, etc.) (similar to
electric or water utilities)

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

No part of this document may be reproduced without written approval from Limkokwing University of Creative Technology Worldwide
Implications for Management
• Embrace change and actively seek to apply networks to improve what you do

– Information moved quickly and easily anywhere and anytime

– Information accessed by customers and competitors globally

• Use a set of industry standard technologies

– Can easily mix and match equipment from different vendors

– Easier to migrate from older technologies to newer technologies

– Smaller cost by using a few well known standards

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

No part of this document may be reproduced without written approval from Limkokwing University of Creative Technology Worldwide
References
These slides are taken from Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

No part of this document may be reproduced without written approval from Limkokwing University of Creative Technology Worldwide
 Sub Point #1
Brief History

Sub Point #4 KEY Sub Point #2

Data Communications
Future Trends
POINTS Networks

Sub Point #3
Data Comm. Standard

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

No part of this document may be reproduced without written approval from Limkokwing University of Creative Technology Worldwide
 End of Lecture

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

No part of this document may be reproduced without written approval from Limkokwing University of Creative Technology Worldwide