Deformation of a Beam Under Transverse Loading

• Overhanging beam
• Reactions at A and C
• Bending moment diagram
• Curvature is zero at points where the bending
moment is zero, i.e., at each end and at E.
1 M ( x)

 EI
• Beam is concave upwards where the bending
moment is positive and concave downwards
where it is negative.
• Maximum curvature occurs where the moment
magnitude is a maximum.
• An equation for the beam shape or elastic curve
is required to determine maximum deflection
and slope. 1
Equation of the Elastic Curve

• From elementary calculus, simplified for beam

parameters,

• Substituting and integrating,

1 d2y
EI  EI 2  M  x 
 dx
x
dy
 M  x  dx  C1
dx 
EI   EI
0
x x
EI y   dx  M  x  dx  C1x  C2
0 0
2
 Turunan Panjang Busur
s s PQ
  PQ    x    y 
2 2 2

x PQ x
 s   s   PQ   s   x    y 
2 2
2 2 2 2
Ｙ Q(x ＋△ｘ ,y ＋△ y)
         
x
   PQ   x   PQ   x  2 △ｓ △ｙ
P(x,y)
 s   s    y  
2 2 2
△ｘ
     1  2
x
   PQ    x  
Ｓ
s busur PQ
  Q mendekati P,
PQ tali busur PQ A
x  0 dan y  0
s
sehingga 1
PQ
Ｘ
 
ds
2

 
s
2
  y  2
  
dy
2

   lim    lim 1    1   
dx
  x 0 x
  x  0
   x  2
  dx 
2
ds  dy 
 1  
dx  dx 
3
 Kelengkungan

Lengkungan R suatu kurva y=f(x) di titik P adalah laju perubahan dalam arah
sudut kemiringan (tangen di P) persatuan panjang busur.

dy  dy  Y
tg     arctg  
dx  dx 
 dy  △τ
misal; v       arctgv
 dx  Q
△ｓ
 d  d 1
   arctgv  P
dv
  dv 1  v 2
A
Ｓ

d d dv 1 d  dy  τ τ＋
    △τ
dx dv dx 1  v dx  dx 
2 X

d 1  d2y  1  d2y 
  2  
2 
 2 
2 
dx 1  v  dx   dy   dx 
1  
 dx  4
d d dx 1 d2y  1
   2 
2 
ds dx ds  dy   dx   dy 
2
1   1  
dx
   dx 
 d2y 
 2 
d 1  d2y   dx  1
 3 / 2
 2   3/ 2

ds   dy  2   dx    dy  2
 R
1     1    
  dx     dx  
3/ 2
  dy  2 
1    
  dx  
R  Jari  jari kelengkungan di P
 d2y 
 2 
 dx 
1
R  Jari  jari kelengkungan di P
d y
2
 2 
 dx  5
Equation of the Elastic Curve

• Constants are determined from boundary

conditions
x x
EI y   dx  M  x  dx  C1x  C2
0 0

• Three cases for statically determinant beams,

– Simply supported beam

– Overhanging beam
y A  0, yB  0
– Cantilever beam
y A  0,  A  0

• More complicated loadings require multiple

integrals and application of requirement for
continuity of displacement and slope.
6
Deformation of a Beam Under Transverse Loading
• Relationship between bending moment and
curvature for pure bending remains valid for
general transverse loadings.
1 M ( x)

 EI

• Cantilever beam subjected to concentrated

load at the free end,
1 Px

 EI

• Curvature varies linearly with x

1
• At the free end A,  0, ρA  
ρA
1 EI
• At the support B,  0,  B 
B PL
7
Direct Determination of the Elastic Curve From the Load
Distribution

• For a beam subjected to a distributed load,

dM d 2M dV
 V  x 2
   w x 
dx dx dx

• Equation for beam displacement becomes

d 2M d4y
2
 EI 4
  w x 
dx dx

• Integrating four times yields

EI y  x     dx  dx  dx  w x  dx

 16 C1x3  12 C2 x 2  C3 x  C4

• Constants are determined from boundary

conditions.

8
 Persamaan momen;

Dimana;

Sehingga;

Jika diintegralkan didapat;

atau;

9
Jika slope di x=0 adalah 0, Pada tumpuan
tdk ada defleksi;

Sehingga jika x=0 disubstitusikan;

Maka;

Diperoleh harga C2
Dan,

Atau;
Sehingga;

Diintegralkan lagi;

10
Defleksi yg terjadi sepanjang L adalah;

Jika harga yg diketahui dimasukan maka;

11
Batang statis tak tentu

12
13
 M  Vdx  M  dM  0
dM  Vdx
dM
V
dx

14
Perhatikan potongan dibawah
dan jumlah gaya vertikal = 0

15
Dari persamaan didepan; Diketahui;

Sehingga;
Turunkan terhadap x
pd kedua sisi;

Turunkan terhadap x;

Atau;

Sehingga defleksi;

16
Hitung maximum bending stress Dari persamaan didepan;

Integralkan dikedua sisi;

Integralkan dikedua sisi;

17
 Momen ditumpuan kanan

Sehingga;

Integralkan persamaan didepan;

Slope ditumpuan kiri = 0

Didapatkan;
18
 Integralkan

Defleksi ditumpuan kiri = 0

Sehingga;

Diperoleh;

Defleksi ditumpuan kanan = 0

19
 C1 L3 C2 L2 wL4
 
6 2 24
Didepan;

Ada 2 pers. Dg 2 variable yg dicari;

Sehingga;

20
Bending momen maksimum;

21
Sample Problem

SOLUTION:
• Develop an expression for M(x)
and derive differential equation for
elastic curve.

W 14  68 I  723 in 4 E  29  106 psi • Integrate differential equation twice

P  50 kips L  15 ft a  4 ft and apply boundary conditions to
obtain elastic curve.
For portion AB of the overhanging beam, • Locate point of zero slope or point
(a) derive the equation for the elastic of maximum deflection.
curve, (b) determine the maximum
deflection, • Evaluate corresponding maximum
(c) evaluate ymax. deflection.

22
Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
• Develop an expression for M(x) and derive
differential equation for elastic curve.

- Reactions:
Pa  a
RA   RB  P1   
L  L

- From the free-body diagram for section AD,

a
M  P x  0  x  L
L

- The differential equation for the elastic

curve,
d2y a
EI 2
  P x
dx L
23
Sample Problem
• Integrate differential equation twice and apply
boundary conditions to obtain elastic curve.
dy 1 a
EI   P x 2  C1
dx 2 L
1 a
EI y   P x3  C1x  C2
6 L

2 at x  0, y  0 : C2  0
d y a
EI 2
  P x 1 a 1
dx L at x  L, y  0 : 0   P L3  C1L C1  PaL
6 L 6
Substituting,
dy PaL   x 
2
dy 1 a 1
EI   P x 2  PaL  1  3  
dx 2 L 6 dx 6 EI   L  
1 a 1
EI y   P x3  PaLx
PaL2  x  x 
3
6 L 6
y    
6 EI  L  L   24
Sample Problem
• Locate point of zero slope or point
of maximum deflection.
PaL   xm  
2
dy L
0 1  3   xm   0.577 L
dx 6 EI   L   3

• Evaluate corresponding maximum

PaL2  x  x 
3
y     deflection.
6 EI  L  L  
ymax 
PaL2
6 EI

0.577   0.577  3 
PaL2
ymax  0.0642
6 EI

 50 kips  48 in 180 in  2
ymax  0.0642
 
6 29  106 psi 723 in 4 
ymax  0.238 in
25