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TYPES OF SHIPS
• Commercial vessels come in all shapes and sizes
and are designed to carry a wide variety of
cargoes.
• Cargoes shall be divided into dry and liquid, with
each of these divided further into sub categories.
Dry cargoes include bulk, general and
breakbulk, containers, reefer and Ro-Ro.
Liquid cargoes are predominantly oil based
but may also include chemicals and liquefied
gasses.
Specialised cargoes include passengers,
livestock and heavy-lift/project.
DRY CARGO SHIPS
CONTAINER SHIPS
• It has a fine form hull. The hull section is mostly
rectangular in order to accommodate maximum number of
containers below the deck.
• All container ships are double bottomed, so as to allow for
the double bottom spaces to be used as tanks.
• longitudinally framed, box-like shaped mid-ship section.
• Important structural feature is the torsion box.
• Usually equipped with no hatches. The ship has no
continuous main deck running full breadth all along the ship.
This open box-like structure enables easy stowage of
containers from the tank top to the highest level above main
deck level.
• The only decks are within the double hull.
• Container ship hulls have low coefficient of buoyancy, ranging
from 0.6 to 0.7
CONTAINER SHIPS
• vessel structured specifically to hold huge quantities of cargo
compacted in different types of containers.
• The design of the connected container vessel is decisive. The hull is akin
to the conventional Bulk Carriers and General cargo ships which are
built around a firm keel.
• The lower part of the vessel effects the construction of the vessel. There
are lower decks, Engine room and plentiful of ballast and Fuel Tanks.
• The Cargo holds are the places where the underdeck Containers are
loaded.
• Inside the hold, there are cell guide arrangements which guide the
container to slot well. This hold helps to slide the container safely inside
the holds and also acts as a guide for them.
• These holds are topped by hatch covers, above which the containers are
stacked too.
TYPES OF CONTAINER CARRIERS
TYPES OF
CONTAINER DESCRIPTION
SHIPS
• These vessels were of around 4000-5000 TEUs.
• Their dimension was such that they could pass the Panama canal.
• limited to the max length of 294.1m, Breadth of 32.3m and max
Panamax
draught of 12m, which was par in comparison to the dimensions of
the canal.
• These vessels have nearly the same size as that of the Suez canal.
Suezmax • Suezmax vessels have a carrying capacity of around 12000 TEUs,
with Breadth about 50-57 m and draught in between 14.4m-16.4m.
Container Ship CMA CGM Corte Real Container ship Emma Maersk
Source: http://maritime-connector.com/wiki/dry-cargo/
ROLL ON ROLL OFF (RO-RO) SHIPS
• RORO (also known as car carriers) is a special type of vessel
used for the transportation of automobile vehicles.
• Commonly used as ferries to transport vehicles and passengers across river docks.
4. RoPax
• Provides living amities for voyagers aboard the vessel.
• A car carrier that is constructed with inclines both on its insides and outsides.
• No hatchways, used mainly in high seas
5. Complete RoRo
• Self-contained and capable of lading anywhere between 2,000 to 40,000 DWT.
ROLL ON ROLL OFF (RO-RO) SHIPS
Source: https://www.chiangraitimes.com/thailand-national-news/auto/mitsubishi-mirage-first-u-s-bo
und-vehicle-from-thailand/
REFRIDGERATED SHIPS (REEFERS)
• A refrigerated or reefer ship is a utility ship with a
difference designed to carry refrigerated cargo such as
perishable goods e.g. fruits, meats, etc.
3) There are ships that use specific ramps to load and haul
the refrigerated cargo.
REFRIGERATED REEFERS SHIPS
Source: https://horizonship.com/ship/170m-lpg-carrier-fully-refrigerated-35000-cbm/
HEAVY LIFT SHIPS
• These, vessels specialise in the transport of extremely heavy or
bulky objects such as other ships and large industrial components.
Source: https://bluetechfinland.com/semi-submersible-heavy-lift-vessel/
BULK CARRIERS
• Bulk carrier is primarily used in carrying unpackaged bulk cargo items
such as metal ores, coal, cement, grains and other similar cargo.
• They can be categorised in six major categories according to their
deadweight tonnage capacity. The categories mainly include
Handysize, Handymax, Panamax, Capesize and Very Large.
• Large vessels are divided up into several separate holds covered by
hatches.
• Some bulk carriers are geared (usually a crane is located between
each hatch) to allow the loading and unloading of cargo.
• For unloading, cranes with grabs are the norm although specialised
equipment may be used for certain cargoes.
TYPES OF BULK
DESCRIPTION
CARRIERS
• Built with hatchways, equipped with cranes and transporters
BASIC • has better tractability in terms of cargo locks,
CONVENTIONAL • Range in size from 5 holds for 35 000 ton to 9 holds for 250, 000 tons.
BULK CARRIERS
• Don’t have upper and lower wing tanks, instead they have linear
sides which helps to accommodate forestry products.
• Open hatch for direct loading and discharging
OPEN HATCH • Can be retrofitted with vacuum equipment and dehumidification system
BULK CARRIER • Have special attachments such as clamps, frames, multi-lifts, moving
and fixed gantries, etc.
• This is special type of bulker, where the cargo is loaded as bulk and
discharge in bags.
BULK IN, BAG
• Equipped with bagging system.
OUT- BIBO
• Very short port stay because time taken to discharge bagged cargo is
CARRIER
very less.
BULK CARRIERS
Source: http://maritime-connector.com/wiki/dry-cargo/
OIL-BULK-ORE (OBO’s) CARRIERS
• Oil- Bulk- Ore cargo vessels are specially designed vessels which carry
cargo in bulk in both liquid and dry form.
• They are some of the most highly sophisticated cargo vessels.
• OBO vessels have multipurpose capability which allows them to ply
on different voyages as per the demand and supply of the market to
make the maximum profit.
• Unlike bulk carriers, OBO vessel has pipe lines and equipment on
deck which are used in operation while carrying liquid cargo.
• the equipment above deck can be damaged by the cranes and
equipment used for loading and unloading operation of bulk cargo.
OIL-BULK-ORE (OBO’s) CARRIERS
Source: https://revision.co.zw/oil-bulk-ore-o-b-o-ships/
LIVE STOCK CARRIERS
• used for the purpose of transferring cattle (livestock) across the
seas. There are 2 main variations in the vessels.
OPEN LIVESTOCK CARRIER VESSELS MECHANICAL LIVESTOCK CARRIER VESSELS
• these types of livestock carrying vessels • mechanised or closed pens are situated
store or pen the animals openly. in the interior of the ship (below decks)
where the winds cannot reach the animals.
• cages or storage areas for the animals
are situated on the deck-side area of the • efficient ventilation systems, special top
ship. coats and special ramps.
• This type of penning of the animals ensures • equipped with automatic feeding and
ample breathing space and there is no water supply systems, combined troughs
possibility of suffocation. for sheep and cattle,
• the major disadvantage of penning is that • horizontal and vertical dung removal
since these pens are located on the decks, systems as well as dismountable decks
the continuous sea-winds that blow increase made of aluminium for combined
the possibility of the animals getting sheep/cattle carriers.
adverse reaction to such winds.
LIVE STOCK CARRIERS
Source: https://www.meyerwerft.de/en/meyerwerft_de/schiffe/tiertransporter/tiertransporter.jsp
MULTI-PURPOSE SHIPS
• General cargo or multi-purpose vessels are designed for flexibility
and carry a huge variety of cargo and also passengers.
• They have flexible and efficient cargo handling systems enable a ship
to carry a variety of different cargoes and load and unload them
within the shortest time possible.
Source: https://thecruisepeople.wordpress.com/2013/10/02/three-new-multi-purpose-ships-join-macs-europesouth
-africa-cargo-passenger-service-bookings-taken-by-month-only/
PASSENGER SHIPS
• Passenger ships are mainly used for transiting passengers.
• They are mainly classified into: FERRIES and CRUISE SHIPS.
FERRIES CRUISE SHIPS
used for transiting passengers (and vehicles) on short- mainly used for recreational activities, like luxurious
distance routes are called ferries. floating hotels with state-of-the-art facilities.
Dual in nature; can be used for transporting Equipped with the necessary amenities used for
passengers only or carrying vehicular load along with transportation and destination vacations.
the intake of voyagers.
Special types such as high speed ferries with the Opted for long distance travel. To provide all required
capability of sailing at high speed. power – Propulsion – Engine room services – Hotel
services – Thrusters – Air conditioning, etc.
they make use of ‘Roll On/Roll Off’ ramping systems to Built for visiting specific regions of the world, such as
enable easy loading and unloading of the vehicles. Polar Cruise ships.
Specially designed and built to face the tough
environment of extreme climatic conditions.
PASSENGER SHIPS
Source: https://www.independent.co.uk/topic/cruise-ship
LIQUID CARGO SHIPS
LIQUID CARGO SHIPS/TANKERS
• Tankers are ships specialized vessels for carrying liquid cargoes in bulk;
crude oil, oil products, chemicals, liquefied gases, molten sulphur, even
wine and orange juice.
• The nature of their cargo requires special forms of construction and
outfitting.
• These ships usually have specialised cargo systems for heating, cooling
apparatus and advanced cleaning systems.
• Tankers are further sub-divided into different types on the basis of the
cargo they carry:
Crude oil tankers
Gas tankers
Chemical tankers
LNG/LPG tankers
LIQUID CARGO/TANKERS
Tankers are tankers are further divided into varies types such as:
1)VLCC- Very Large Crude Carriers, these tankers have a cargo carrying capacitance of
250,000 tons.
2)ULCC- Ultra Large Crude Carriers (ULCC) has a DWT of anything between 250,000 to
500,000 tons.
3)Panamax- can pass through the Panama Canal. The panamax tankers measure
around 950 foot lengthwise, 106 foot width wise and 39.5 foot depth wise.
4)Aframax- tanker ships which are mainly used in the Mediterranean, China Sea and
the Black Sea. These tankers (DWT) between 80,000 and 120,000 tonnes.
5)Suezmax- Suezmax vessels are so called because of their ease in passing through the
Suez Canal.
6)Capesize- capacity to haul over 100,000 tonnes.
7)Handymax- load carrying capacity of up to 60,000 tonnes.
8)Handy- capacity to haul over 25,000 to 40,000 tonnes
OIL TANKERS
• carry oil and it’s by-products such as petrol, gasoline,
kerosene and paraffin.
• design of an oil tanker is a weight-based design, its size
ranges from 55,000 DWT to VLCC’s of over 300,000 DWT.
• The most notable feature is the geometry and form of its
hull. The fullness of the hull-form of an oil tanker at the
forward part this shape caters well to low speeds and
maximum cargo capacity.
• Oil tanker would have higher Coefficient of Buoyancy as
compared to ships of finer hullform (e.g. container ships).
• The blunt forward shape gives rise to eddy and wave-breaking
at the forward part, resulting in increased wave-breaking and
eddy-making resistance.
OIL TANKERS
• Another feature is the pump room, that is usually
located just forward of the engine room. The pump
room houses all the pumps required for cargo oil
loading and discharge.
• Oil tankers have a number of systems that are
unique to its operation such as:
1) Cargo Oil Heating System,
2) Cargo Tank Venting System,
3) Overflow Control System,
4) Inert Gas System and
5) Fire Fighting System.
Types of Oil Tankers
1)Product tankers are used to transport petroleum-based
chemicals and refined oils.
• smaller in size as compared to the Crude oil tankers.
• the tanks here are coated with epoxy that is used to
protect the cargo and also helps in tank cleaning.
• most product tankers are single hull designs, that is, they do
not have a double bottom.
Source: https://www.nauticexpo.com/prod/hyundai-heavy-industries/product-311
39-447904.html
CHEMICAL TANKER
• specifically designed in order to maintain the consistency of
the chemicals they carry aboard them.
Source: https://www.nauticexpo.com/prod/hyundai-mipo-dockyard/product-31140-194289.html
GAS TANKER
• specially designed to carry different forms of Gases in bulk.
Source:
https://basilkaratzas.files.wordpress.com
/2016/12/mv-melina-6-bmk_3673.jpg
SEMI-PRESSURIZED GAS TANKER
• similar to fully pressurised ships in term of the tanks
construction and structure,
Source
: http://college.novikontas.lv/en/facilities/simulators/liquid-cargo-handling-simulators/ethylene-gas-carrier-tanker-model/?pr
FULLY REFRIGERATED LPG/LPG TANKER
• carry liquefied gases at low temperature (-48oC) and
atmospheric pressure,
• Prismatic shaped tank made from 3.5% nickel steel, cargo
carrying capacity between 125,000 m3 to 135,000 m3.
• this type of vessel can be further classified as:—
1. Independent tanks with single hull but the double bottom and hopper
tanks
2. Independent tanks with double hull
3. Integral tanks (incorporating a double hull), and
4. Semi-membrane tanks (incorporating a double hull)
Source:
https://www.marineinsight.com/naval
-architecture/understanding-design-
liquefied-gas-carriers/
HYDROGEN TANKER
• used for the shipping and transportation of liquefied hydrogen
gas.
• These tankers are specifically designed to carry Liquified
hydrogen gas in bulk.
• They can’t be used to carry any other purpose.
Source: https://www.wilhelmsen.com/media-news-and-events/press-releases/2019/new-design-makes-
liquefied-hydrogen-bunker-vessels-a-reality/
JUICE/ WINE TANKERS
• specifically designed for the carriage of juices/wine,
Source: https://www.marineinsight.com/types-of-ships/carlos-fischer-the-fruit-juice-carrier/
References
• International Institute of Marine Surveying. (n.d.). An Introduction to Marine
Surveying Profession [Pdf]. Retrieved from International Institute of Marine Surveying.
• KaranC. (2019). How Perishable Food Products are Transported using Reefer
Ship? Marine Insight. Retrieved October 18, from
https://www.marineinsight.com/refrigeration-air-conditioning/how-perishable-food-
products-are-transported-using-reefer-ship/
• Mohit. (2019). Different Types of Tankers: Extensive Classification of Tanker
Ship. Marine Insight. Retrieved October 18, from
https://www.marineinsight.com/types-of-ships/different-types-of-tankers-extensive-
classification-of-tanker-ships/
• MI News Network. (2019). How Livestock Transportation Done Using Livestock
Carriers? Retrieved October 18, from https://www.marineinsight.com/types-of-
ships/how-is-livestock-transportation-done-using-livestock-carriers/
• Raunek. (2019). A guide to Types of Ships. Marine Insight. Retrieved October 18,
from https://www.marineinsight.com/guidelines/a-guide-to-types-of-ships/
• Wartsila Encyclopedia of Marine Technology. (n.d.). Heavy Lift Ships. Retrieved
October 18, from https://www.wartsila.com/encyclopedia/term/heavy-lift-ships