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CLASSIFICATION OF

TYPES OF SHIPS
• Commercial vessels come in all shapes and sizes
and are designed to carry a wide variety of
cargoes. 
• Cargoes shall be divided into dry and liquid, with
each of these divided further into sub categories.
Dry cargoes include bulk, general and
breakbulk, containers, reefer and Ro-Ro.
Liquid cargoes are predominantly oil based
but may also include chemicals and liquefied
gasses.
Specialised cargoes include passengers,
livestock and heavy-lift/project.
DRY CARGO SHIPS
CONTAINER SHIPS
• It has a fine form hull. The hull section is mostly
rectangular in order to accommodate maximum number of
containers below the deck.
• All container ships are double bottomed, so as to allow for
the double bottom spaces to be used as tanks.
• longitudinally framed, box-like shaped mid-ship section.
• Important structural feature is the torsion box.
• Usually equipped with no hatches. The ship has no
continuous main deck running full breadth all along the ship.
This open box-like structure enables easy stowage of
containers from the tank top to the highest level above main
deck level.
• The only decks are within the double hull.
• Container ship hulls have low coefficient of buoyancy, ranging
from 0.6 to 0.7
CONTAINER SHIPS
• vessel structured specifically to hold huge quantities of cargo
compacted in different types of containers.
• The design of the connected container vessel is decisive. The hull is akin
to the conventional Bulk Carriers and General cargo ships which are
built around a firm keel.
• The lower part of the vessel effects the construction of the vessel. There
are lower decks, Engine room and plentiful of ballast and Fuel Tanks.
• The Cargo holds are the places where the underdeck Containers are
loaded.
• Inside the hold, there are cell guide arrangements which guide the
container to slot well. This hold helps to slide the container safely inside
the holds and also acts as a guide for them.
• These holds are topped by hatch covers, above which the containers are
stacked too.
TYPES OF CONTAINER CARRIERS
TYPES OF
CONTAINER DESCRIPTION
SHIPS
• These vessels were of around 4000-5000 TEUs.
• Their dimension was such that they could pass the Panama canal. 
• limited to the max length of 294.1m, Breadth of 32.3m and max
Panamax
draught of 12m, which was par in comparison to the dimensions of
the canal.

• These vessels have nearly the same size as that of the Suez canal.
Suezmax • Suezmax vessels have a carrying capacity of around 12000 TEUs,
with Breadth about 50-57 m and draught in between 14.4m-16.4m.

• Post-Panamax’s development was climactic, capacity of 6400 TEU.


• These size of vessels were revolutionary because it introduced the
concept of cellular container vessels, wherein the cell guides ran
Post-Panamax
from the bottom of the hold to some tiers above the deck.
• This reduced the running cost of ship owners but also improved the
speed of loading and discharging and reduced container shifting.
TYPES OF CONTAINER CARRIERS
TYPES OF
CONTAINER DESCRIPTION
SHIPS
These are Ultra large container vessels with a carrying capacity of
18000 TEU with a breadth of 60m 21m max draught.
Post-Suezmax
Too big for the vessel to pass the Suez canal

This size emulates the maximum permissible draught of 21m of


Malacca Strait.
Post- For this size of the vessel to enter the Ports, the port authorities will
Malaccamax have to be ready. Presently only two ports in the world is ready to
accept this size of vessel i.e., Singapore & Rotterdam.
CONTAINER SHIPS

Container Ship CMA CGM Corte Real Container ship Emma Maersk

Source: http://maritime-connector.com/wiki/dry-cargo/
ROLL ON ROLL OFF (RO-RO) SHIPS
• RORO (also known as car carriers) is a special type of vessel
used for the transportation of automobile vehicles.

• These vessels have special inclines (ramps) for loading


and unlading vehicles and cargo easier.

• The inclines are connected to the entrance either in the


front (bow) or at the back (aft) of the vessel or at
both ends.

• These slab-sided vessels feature multiple vehicle decks


comprising parking lanes, linked by internal ramps with
access to the shore provided by one or more loading ramp.
TYPES OF RO-RO DESCRIPTION
1. Pure Car Carrier • A PCC transports only cars, whereas a PCTC transports not only cars but trucks and
(PCC) and Pure Car other 4- wheeled vehicles.
and Truck Carrier
(PCTC)
• A combine feature of traditional container vessel and a Ro-Ro ship.
• Can carry maximum loads between 20,000 to over 50,000 dead weight tonnes
2. Container Vessel
(DWT).
and RoRo (ConRo)
• Interior is distributed in such a way so that loads are evenly distributed and
balanced.
3. General Cargo and • This is a normal cargo vessel equipped with Ro-Ro facility.
RoRo (GenRo) • Slightly compact, smaller compared to ConRo and PCC and PCTC.
• Can carry loads between 2,000 to 30, 000 DWT.

• Commonly used as ferries to transport vehicles and passengers across river docks.
4. RoPax
• Provides living amities for voyagers aboard the vessel.

• A car carrier that is constructed with inclines both on its insides and outsides.
• No hatchways, used mainly in high seas
5. Complete RoRo
• Self-contained and capable of lading anywhere between 2,000 to 40,000 DWT.
ROLL ON ROLL OFF (RO-RO) SHIPS

Source: https://www.chiangraitimes.com/thailand-national-news/auto/mitsubishi-mirage-first-u-s-bo
und-vehicle-from-thailand/
REFRIDGERATED SHIPS (REEFERS)
• A refrigerated or reefer ship is a utility ship with a
difference designed to carry refrigerated cargo such as
perishable goods e.g. fruits, meats, etc.

• Cargo is stowed in holds which are then sealed and


temperature controlled. Reefer ships differ from
conventional container ships in their size, design, power
generation and electrical distribution equipment.

• The key difference is that they are smaller and require


provisions made for powering each container's cooling
system.

• Traditional reefer vessels have been largely replaced by the


use of reefer containers. Reefer containers only need a
power source to function.
REFRIDGERATED SHIPS (REEFERS)
• Reefer ships are generally side-door vessels which have water-
tight ports on the ship's hull that open into a cargo hold.

• Inside these access ports or side doors, pallet lifts or another


series of conveyors bring the cargo to the respective decks.

• There are three different types of vessels used for the


purpose of refrigerated shipping.
1) There are multi-purpose vessels in such ships, the
refrigerated part is below the areas reserved for passengers.

2) There are refrigerator ships that use the concept of


refrigerated containers. Huge rectangular containers used
solely for the purpose of cargo transportation.

3) There are ships that use specific ramps to load and haul
the refrigerated cargo.
REFRIGERATED REEFERS SHIPS

Conventional Reefer  LPG Carrier Fully Refrigerated 

Source: https://horizonship.com/ship/170m-lpg-carrier-fully-refrigerated-35000-cbm/
HEAVY LIFT SHIPS
• These, vessels specialise in the transport of extremely heavy or
bulky objects such as other ships and large industrial components.

• Some heavy-lift vessels are equipped with high capacity cranes


to load at ports without a heavy-lift capability.

• Other types are semi submergible, which allows a cargo to be


floated into position before the heavy-lift vessel de-ballasts to lift
the cargo out of the water.

• They can be subdivided into four main categories:


1) project cargo ships,
2) open deck cargo ships,
3) dock ships, and
4) semi-submersible ships.
Types of Heavy Description
Lift Ships
• Relatively small ships, often with a large box-shaped hold, used for
Project Cargo carrying small machinery, port equipment, locomotives, knocked down
Ships cranes, small boats and yachts.

• RO-RO type vessels with the superstructure positioned fore.


• They are designed for transport of large modules, fully-erected container
Open deck Cargo
cranes, etc, on a large open cargo deck, accessible with a full width stern
Ships
ramp.

• characterized by the full-length sidewalls protecting the cargo area.


• The cargo can be loaded by float-in/float-out by submersing the ship
Dock Ships
until the dock deck is under water, lift-on/lift-off, using cranes, roll-
on/roll-off over the ship stern ramp.
• Vessels that are horizontally submersible until their main deck is under
water to a depth of 6 to 14m and large cargoes can be loaded using the
float-on/float-off method.
Semi-Submersible • the load must be barge-mounted or able to float itself. The ship itself
sinks similarly to a floating dock and the cargo is floated onboard.
• Typical cargoes are drilling rigs, floating plants, dredging equipment,
offshore structures, floating drydocks, other vessels.
HEAVY LIFT SHIPS

Heavy Lift Vessel Semi Submersible Heavy Lift Vessel

Source: https://bluetechfinland.com/semi-submersible-heavy-lift-vessel/
BULK CARRIERS
• Bulk carrier is primarily used in carrying unpackaged bulk cargo items
such as metal ores, coal, cement, grains and other similar cargo. 
• They can be categorised in six major categories according to their
deadweight tonnage capacity. The categories mainly include
Handysize, Handymax, Panamax, Capesize and Very Large.
• Large vessels are divided up into several separate holds covered by
hatches.
• Some bulk carriers are geared (usually a crane is located between
each hatch) to allow the loading and unloading of cargo.  
• For unloading, cranes with grabs are the norm although specialised
equipment may be used for certain cargoes.
TYPES OF BULK
DESCRIPTION
CARRIERS
• Built with hatchways, equipped with cranes and transporters
BASIC • has better tractability in terms of cargo locks,
CONVENTIONAL • Range in size from 5 holds for 35 000 ton to 9 holds for 250, 000 tons.
BULK CARRIERS

• These have special design much more carrying capacity


compared to other vessels,
• expensive in comparison to other types of bulk carriers.
COMBINED BULK • Flexibility to carry ore bulk and even oil.
CARRIERS • Deck areas has both pipelines and pontoons.
• Can carry bulk cargo inside the hold and oil in the wing tanks.

• Unequipped with cranes and conveyors facilities.


• Very cost effective, no expense on installation, maintenance and
GEARLESS BULK operation of cranes and gears
CARRIERS • Limited port calls due to lack of gear equipment
• E.g. Very Large Bulk Carriers (VLBC)
TYPES OF BULK
DESCRIPTION
CARRIERS
• Equipped with conveyors or cranes loading facilities.
• Can operate in inaccessible waterways.
SELF • Capability to discharge directly on the quay, a barge, hopper,
DISCHARGERS warehouse, etc.
• Hold terminates above the double bottom tank top.

• Don’t have upper and lower wing tanks, instead they have linear
sides which helps to accommodate forestry products.
• Open hatch for direct loading and discharging
OPEN HATCH • Can be retrofitted with vacuum equipment and dehumidification system
BULK CARRIER • Have special attachments such as clamps, frames, multi-lifts, moving
and fixed gantries, etc.

• This is special type of bulker, where the cargo is loaded as bulk and
discharge in bags.
BULK IN, BAG
• Equipped with bagging system.
OUT- BIBO
• Very short port stay because time taken to discharge bagged cargo is
CARRIER
very less.
BULK CARRIERS

Handymax bulk carrier Very large ore carrier

Source: http://maritime-connector.com/wiki/dry-cargo/
OIL-BULK-ORE (OBO’s) CARRIERS
• Oil- Bulk- Ore cargo vessels are specially designed vessels which carry
cargo in bulk in both liquid and dry form.
• They are some of the most highly sophisticated cargo vessels.
• OBO vessels have multipurpose capability which allows them to ply
on different voyages as per the demand and supply of the market to
make the maximum profit.
• Unlike bulk carriers, OBO vessel has pipe lines and equipment on
deck which are used in operation while carrying liquid cargo.
• the equipment above deck can be damaged by the cranes and
equipment used for loading and unloading operation of bulk cargo.
OIL-BULK-ORE (OBO’s) CARRIERS

Source: https://revision.co.zw/oil-bulk-ore-o-b-o-ships/
LIVE STOCK CARRIERS
• used for the purpose of transferring cattle (livestock) across the
seas. There are 2 main variations in the vessels.
OPEN LIVESTOCK CARRIER VESSELS MECHANICAL LIVESTOCK CARRIER VESSELS
• these types of livestock carrying vessels • mechanised or closed pens are situated
store or pen the animals openly. in the interior of the ship (below decks)
where the winds cannot reach the animals.
• cages or storage areas for the animals
are situated on the deck-side area of the • efficient ventilation systems, special top
ship. coats and special ramps.

• This type of penning of the animals ensures • equipped with automatic feeding and
ample breathing space and there is no water supply systems, combined troughs
possibility of suffocation. for sheep and cattle,

• the major disadvantage of penning is that • horizontal and vertical dung removal
since these pens are located on the decks, systems as well as dismountable decks
the continuous sea-winds that blow increase made of aluminium for combined
the possibility of the animals getting sheep/cattle carriers.
adverse reaction to such winds.
LIVE STOCK CARRIERS

Source: https://www.meyerwerft.de/en/meyerwerft_de/schiffe/tiertransporter/tiertransporter.jsp
MULTI-PURPOSE SHIPS
• General cargo or multi-purpose vessels are designed for flexibility
and carry a huge variety of cargo and also passengers. 

• They have flexible and efficient cargo handling systems enable a ship
to carry a variety of different cargoes and load and unload them
within the shortest time possible.

• These vessel have partial openings, moveable bulkhead and


bulkhead position, and can operate in challenging ambient
conditions.
MULTI-PURPOSE SHIPS

Source: https://thecruisepeople.wordpress.com/2013/10/02/three-new-multi-purpose-ships-join-macs-europesouth
-africa-cargo-passenger-service-bookings-taken-by-month-only/
PASSENGER SHIPS
• Passenger ships are mainly used for transiting passengers.
• They are mainly classified into: FERRIES and CRUISE SHIPS.
FERRIES CRUISE SHIPS

used for transiting passengers (and vehicles) on short- mainly used for recreational activities, like luxurious
distance routes are called ferries. floating hotels with state-of-the-art facilities.

Dual in nature; can be used for transporting Equipped with the necessary amenities used for
passengers only or carrying vehicular load along with transportation and destination vacations.
the intake of voyagers.
Special types such as high speed ferries with the Opted for long distance travel. To provide all required
capability of sailing at high speed. power – Propulsion – Engine room services – Hotel
services – Thrusters – Air conditioning, etc.

they make use of ‘Roll On/Roll Off’ ramping systems to Built for visiting specific regions of the world, such as
enable easy loading and unloading of the vehicles. Polar Cruise ships.
Specially designed and built to face the tough
environment of extreme climatic conditions.
PASSENGER SHIPS

Source: https://www.independent.co.uk/topic/cruise-ship
LIQUID CARGO SHIPS
LIQUID CARGO SHIPS/TANKERS
• Tankers are ships specialized vessels for carrying liquid cargoes in bulk;
crude oil, oil products, chemicals, liquefied gases, molten sulphur, even
wine and orange juice.
• The nature of their cargo requires special forms of construction and
outfitting.
• These ships usually have specialised cargo systems for heating, cooling
apparatus and advanced cleaning systems.
• Tankers are further sub-divided into different types on the basis of the
cargo they carry:
Crude oil tankers
Gas tankers
Chemical tankers
LNG/LPG tankers
LIQUID CARGO/TANKERS
Tankers are tankers are further divided into varies types such as:
1)VLCC- Very Large Crude Carriers, these tankers have a cargo carrying capacitance of
250,000 tons.
2)ULCC- Ultra Large Crude Carriers (ULCC) has a DWT of anything between 250,000 to
500,000 tons.
3)Panamax- can pass through the Panama Canal. The panamax tankers measure
around 950 foot lengthwise, 106 foot width wise and 39.5 foot depth wise.
4)Aframax- tanker ships which are mainly used in the Mediterranean, China Sea and
the Black Sea. These tankers (DWT) between 80,000 and 120,000 tonnes.
5)Suezmax- Suezmax vessels are so called because of their ease in passing through the
Suez Canal.
6)Capesize- capacity to haul over 100,000 tonnes.
7)Handymax- load carrying capacity of up to 60,000 tonnes.
8)Handy- capacity to haul over 25,000 to 40,000 tonnes
OIL TANKERS
• carry oil and it’s by-products such as petrol, gasoline,
kerosene and paraffin.
• design of an oil tanker is a weight-based design, its size
ranges from 55,000 DWT to VLCC’s of over 300,000 DWT.
• The most notable feature is the geometry and form of its
hull. The fullness of the hull-form of an oil tanker at the
forward part this shape caters well to low speeds and
maximum cargo capacity.
• Oil tanker would have higher Coefficient of Buoyancy as
compared to ships of finer hullform (e.g. container ships).
• The blunt forward shape gives rise to eddy and wave-breaking
at the forward part, resulting in increased wave-breaking and
eddy-making resistance.
OIL TANKERS
• Another feature is the pump room, that is usually
located just forward of the engine room. The pump
room houses all the pumps required for cargo oil
loading and discharge.
• Oil tankers have a number of systems that are
unique to its operation such as:
1) Cargo Oil Heating System,
2) Cargo Tank Venting System,
3) Overflow Control System,
4) Inert Gas System and
5) Fire Fighting System.
Types of Oil Tankers
1)Product tankers are used to transport petroleum-based
chemicals and refined oils.
• smaller in size as compared to the Crude oil tankers.
• the tanks here are coated with epoxy that is used to
protect the cargo and also helps in tank cleaning.
• most product tankers are single hull designs, that is, they do
not have a double bottom.

2) Crude tankers are specifically used to transport crude oil


from the excavation site to the crude oil refining industrial
plant.
• these vessels are much larger in size than the other
variants of oil tankers.
OIL TANKER CARGO SHIP / VLCC / AFRAMAX

Source: https://www.nauticexpo.com/prod/hyundai-heavy-industries/product-311
39-447904.html
CHEMICAL TANKER
• specifically designed in order to maintain the consistency of
the chemicals they carry aboard them.

• coated with specialized substances such as Phenolic epoxy,


stainless steel or zinc paint that help in the easy identification of
the chemicals that need to be transported.

• includes heating or cooling apparatus and advanced cleaning


systems to ensure the purity of a cargo is maintained.

• range from 5, 000 DWT to 35, 000 DWT in size.

• very smaller compared to the Oil tankers due to the specialized


nature of the cargo and the size restriction of the Ports and shore
facilities.
CHEMICAL TANKER

Source: https://www.nauticexpo.com/prod/hyundai-mipo-dockyard/product-31140-194289.html
GAS TANKER
• specially designed to carry different forms of Gases in bulk.

• more on the cutting edge than any other type of vessels


such as Bulkers, Containers and other variety of Tankers.

• can be classified into five categories:


1) Fully pressurised ships
2) Semi-pressurised ships
3) Ethylene ships
4) Fully refrigerated LPG ships
5) LNG/ LPG ships
FULLY- PRESSURIZED GAS TANKER
• these type of Tankers are the cinch type of gas carrier compared to all
of its other varieties.
• cargo is carried in the ambient temperature, have “C type”-carbon
steel with an emblematic design pressure of 18 bars.
• there are no thermal insulations or any other plants.
• usually are smaller in size as because of the design pressure, the
tanks are extremely heavy.

Source:
https://basilkaratzas.files.wordpress.com
/2016/12/mv-melina-6-bmk_3673.jpg
SEMI-PRESSURIZED GAS TANKER
• similar to fully pressurised ships in term of the tanks
construction and structure,

• however, they are designed to carry gas at a maximum


working pressure of 5-7 bars,

• can be used to transport a wide variety of gas cargo in bulk,

• due to its cargo handling flexibility, semi-pressurised gas


tankers are most popular among the operators and owners.
ETHYLENE GAS TANKER
• This variant of Gas carriers are built for unambiguous trades but
also have arrangements to carry LPG’s or Chemical Gases.
• carrying capacity is between 1,000-12,000 m3.
• have “Type C”- carbon pressure tanks,
• Fitted with thermal insulation and liquefaction.

Source
: http://college.novikontas.lv/en/facilities/simulators/liquid-cargo-handling-simulators/ethylene-gas-carrier-tanker-model/?pr
FULLY REFRIGERATED LPG/LPG TANKER
• carry liquefied gases at low temperature (-48oC) and
atmospheric pressure,
• Prismatic shaped tank made from 3.5% nickel steel, cargo
carrying capacity between 125,000 m3 to 135,000 m3.
• this type of vessel can be further classified as:—
1. Independent tanks with single hull but the double bottom and hopper
tanks
2. Independent tanks with double hull
3. Integral tanks (incorporating a double hull), and
4. Semi-membrane tanks (incorporating a double hull)

Source:
https://www.marineinsight.com/naval
-architecture/understanding-design-
liquefied-gas-carriers/
HYDROGEN TANKER
• used for the shipping and transportation of liquefied hydrogen
gas.
• These tankers are specifically designed to carry Liquified
hydrogen gas in bulk.
• They can’t be used to carry any other purpose.

Source: https://www.wilhelmsen.com/media-news-and-events/press-releases/2019/new-design-makes-
liquefied-hydrogen-bunker-vessels-a-reality/
JUICE/ WINE TANKERS
• specifically designed for the carriage of juices/wine,

• These tankers have refrigeration, temperature controller and


preservation plants, which helps them to keep the juice or
wine fresh at all times.

Source: https://www.marineinsight.com/types-of-ships/carlos-fischer-the-fruit-juice-carrier/
References
• International Institute of Marine Surveying. (n.d.). An Introduction to Marine
Surveying Profession [Pdf]. Retrieved from International Institute of Marine Surveying.
• KaranC. (2019). How Perishable Food Products are Transported using Reefer
Ship? Marine Insight. Retrieved October 18, from
https://www.marineinsight.com/refrigeration-air-conditioning/how-perishable-food-
products-are-transported-using-reefer-ship/
• Mohit. (2019). Different Types of Tankers: Extensive Classification of Tanker
Ship. Marine Insight. Retrieved October 18, from
https://www.marineinsight.com/types-of-ships/different-types-of-tankers-extensive-
classification-of-tanker-ships/
• MI News Network. (2019). How Livestock Transportation Done Using Livestock
Carriers? Retrieved October 18, from https://www.marineinsight.com/types-of-
ships/how-is-livestock-transportation-done-using-livestock-carriers/
• Raunek. (2019). A guide to Types of Ships. Marine Insight. Retrieved October 18,
from https://www.marineinsight.com/guidelines/a-guide-to-types-of-ships/
• Wartsila Encyclopedia of Marine Technology. (n.d.). Heavy Lift Ships. Retrieved
October 18, from https://www.wartsila.com/encyclopedia/term/heavy-lift-ships

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