Chemistry

The study of the substances from which things are made.

Ch 8:The states of
matter
Class 1
 Ch- 8 The states of matter
Matter -
Anything that takes up space and has mass is called matter.
Comparing the three states of
matter
TB pg.123 q.no 1properties of the three states of matter. CW

Solid Liquid Gas

Definite mass Definite mass Definite mass

Definite shape It takes up the shape of It takes up the shape of

the container the container

Fixed volume Fixed volume Volume can change

It does not flow It flows easily It flows easily

It is hard to compress It is hard to compress It is easy to compress

TB pg.123 q.no 1properties of the three states of matter. CW

Solid Liquid Gas

Definite mass Definite mass Definite mass

Definite shape It takes up the shape of It takes up the shape of

the container the container

Fixed volume Fixed volume Volume can change

It does not flow It flows easily It flows easily

It is hard to compress It is hard to compress It is easy to compress

TB pg no 123 Q.no.2

a)Similarity - All states of matter have definite mass.

b) Differences - The volume of the solids and liquids remains the same

but the volume of gas can be changed.

Solids remain the same shape but liquids and gases can change shape.

Solids are hard to make flow but liquids and gases flow easily.

Solids and liquids are hard to compress but gases compress easily.
Tb pg no 123 q.no 3 HW
session – 2
particle theory
Particle theory
Examples of molecules
Arrangement of particles in the
three states of matter
Arrangement of particles in 3 states
of matter
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bwGim-eceS8
Particle theory
Diagram - Arrangement of particles in a solid, liquid and a gas
Phase change
Session - 3
  
CW
Differences between evaporation and boiling.
BOILING EVAPORATION

A process in which a substance A process in which a substance

changes from liquid to gaseous state at a changes from liquid to gaseous state over a
certain temperature (boiling point) range of temperatures.

Fast Slow
Bubbles are formed No bubbles formed

Occurs throughout the liquid Takes place only from the exposed surface
of the liquid
 Source of energy needed  Energy supplied by surroundings
Particulate Nature of Matter and Changes of State
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ndw9XYA4iF0

Change of State | Matter | Physics | FuseSchool

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xYU7RSoOZ0U
How to determine the state of matter for a given
substance

• Do you know number line?

• Do you know that -100 is greater than -150
explanation
Questions on how to determine
states of matter
• 1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hDi8e_zAWCU

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h7ErVAZbeu0 from 2.59 sec

questions start
How to determine the state of
matter – video link
• https://www.google.co.in/search?safe=active&dcr=0&sxsrf=ALeKk02_
F8r-GBmTbjFgFhpW7I96aJm-2w%3A1586942217892&source=hp&ei=
CdGWXtjrM8OQ4-EPrZqu2Ag&q=how+to+know+the+phyiscal+state+
of+a+substance+at+a+given+temperature&oq=how+to+know+the+ph
yiscal+state+of+a+substance+at+a+given+temperature&gs_lcp=CgZwc
3ktYWIQAzIECCEQCjoHCCMQ6gIQJzoECCMQJzoFCAAQkQI6AggAOgQI
ABBDOgUIABCDAToHCAAQFBCHAjoGCAAQFhAeOgQIABANOgYIABAN
EB46BQgAEM0COggIIRAWEB0QHjoGCCEQChAVOgcIIRAKEKABOgoIIR
AWEAoQHRAeSjUIFxIxMGcxOTZnMjEzZzE3NGcxNjhnMTk3ZzE0NGcx
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QapIBCjAuNTcuOS42LjKYAQCgAQGqAQdnd3Mtd2l6sAEK&sclient=psy-
ab&ved=0ahUKEwiYlLK5jOroAhVDyDgGHS2NC4sQ4dUDCAc&uact=5#
kpvalbx=_ItGWXrnzBqaa4-EPr-u16Ao34
Remember to practise using melting and boiling
point data to decide whether a particular
substance is a solid, a liquid or a gas at room
temperature. These are quite common
questions.
session -4
TB pg 126 -127 Q.no 4,5,6 HW
• Leave space for hw
Q. 7 a. Draw in graph book – cut
and stick in note book

7b.ans: Yes, the temperature began to remain constant at 60oC.

8ans: The temperature there is above the melting point of the wax.
9 a ans: 20oC
b ans: 50oC

10 a ans: 1 min
b ans : 3 min

11ans : 100oC

12 ans : it slowed down

Q13. How is melting different from evaporation?
Ans:
Melting
Solid changes into a liquid
During melting the particles in a
solid vibrate more strongly and
eventually slide over each other to
change into liquid state.
Occurs at definite temperature
called melting point
CW
Evaporation
Liquid changes into gas
During evaporation, the particles
with the higher energy near the
liquid surface break through the
surface and escape into the air.
Occurs over a range of temperatures
Q14. How is boiling different from sublimation? CW
Ans: Boiling sublimation
Boiling occurs when a liquid changes Sublimation occurs when a solid turn
into a gas at a certain temperature into a gas or a gas turns into a solid.
called the boiling point.
The fastest-moving particles form Particles in the solid separate and
bubbles escape from the liquid and form a gas when they receive
the gas they contain mixes with the enough heat energy. When the gas
air. particles are cooled they form the
orderly arrangement of a solid.
TB Pg No 130 15 and 16 HW
Extra slides
 CW
Use the particle theory and explain the following processes:
a. freezing - When a liquid is cooled the particles lose so much energy and can no
longer slide over each other. They vibrate to and fro in one position in the lattice
thus turning into a solid.

b. boiling - When liquid is heated all particles gain energy and move quickly. The
fastest moving particles collect in the liquid to form bubbles. The bubbles burst
open into the air at the surface releasing the particles which from a gas.

c. condensation - When the gas particles are cooled sufficiently, they lose so much
energy that they can no longer bounce off each other when they meet. The
particles now slide over each other and form a liquid.
 CW
e. Evaporation (ECQ2) - High-energy liquid particles near the surface move so fast
that they can break through the surface and escape into the air, forming a gas.

Explain the process of dissolving with the help of particle theory.

Ans. When a solute is added to a solvent. The solid solute is pulled apart by the
particles of the liquid solvent.
There are small gaps between the particles in a solvent. Then the solute particles
spread out and fill the gaps between the solvent particles.
 Temperature vs time graph

• The temperature remains constant during melting as all the heat is used to
separate the particles so that they can flow over one another.
 The states of matter CW

Comparing the three states of matter

1. Define matter.
Ans: Any substance that takes up space in the universe and has mass is
called matter.

2. This question is about states of matter (TB pg.no 123 Q.no.1,2&3)

a. Identify the three states of matter that make up a glass of fizzy drink.
Ans: The ice is the solid.
The water in the drink is the liquid.
The bubbles contain a gas called carbon dioxide.
 HW TB Q.no. 2,4,5,13,14,15 &16
Q2. How are all three states of matter:
a) Similar
b) different?

Ans:

a) All states of matter have definite mass.

b) The volume of the solids and liquids remains the same but the volume of gas can be

changed.

Solids remain the same shape but liquids and gases can change shape.

Solids are hard to make flow but liquids and gases flow easily.

Solids and liquids are hard to compress but gases compress easily.
Q4. According to the particle theory, why do liquids flow but solids do not? CW

Ans: In solids, strong forces hold the particles together in a three-

dimensional structure so, they cannot flow. In liquids, the forces that hold
the particles together are weaker and the particles can move over each
other so, liquids can flow.

Q5. How is movement of particles in gases different from the movement of

particles in liquids?

Ans: In gases, the particles can move away form each other and travel in any
direction. In liquids, the particles can change position by sliding over each
other.
 CW
15Q. How are condensation and freezing similar?
Ans: The substance is cooled down and the particles lose energy in both freezing
and condensation.

16Q.
4. Explain how the water in an iceberg may fall as rain over a city on the land.
(ECQ 1)
Ans. The iceberg melts and the water forms rivers or mixes with seawater.
The water evaporates from the surface of the sea and forms water vapour.
Water vapour rises, cools and condenses into water droplets to form clouds.
The clouds are blown by the wind and move over the city and the droplets
join together to form raindrops which fall as rain over the city.

When a solid is heated all particles gain energy and makes the particles
vibrate more strongly and move apart. They slide over each other and
become a liquid.
Diagram showing the dissolving process using particle theory. CW
Particle theory
Matter is made up of tiny particles.
The particles are so tiny that they cannot be seen with the naked eye.
The particles are atoms and molecules.
Different substances are made from different particles and the particles
have different sizes.
• Particles of matter are always moving.
• Particles attract each other.
• Particles at higher temperature move faster than the particles at
lower temperature.
 The particle theory of matter CW

State particle theory.

Particle theory states that -

• Matter is made up of tiny particles.
• The particles are so tiny that they cannot be seen with the naked eye.
• The particles are atoms and molecules.
• Different substances are made from different particles and the particles
have different sizes.