AV-222

ELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS
Lecture No 15

“SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS”

Instructor: Sqn Ldr Ahnaf Lodhi

Class: 84(B & C)
Electric Machinery Fundamentals Ch 4

Avionics Engineering Department

Synchronous Generator Construction
• Production of rotating magnetic field
– Rotor as permanent magnet
– Rotor as electromagnet by application of DC current
• Rotor moved by a prime mover
• Induction of three phase of voltages in a set of 3-
Phase stator windings
• Field Windings
– Windings that produce the main magnetic field
– Present on the Rotor
• Armature windings
– Windings where voltage is induced
– Present on the Stator
Synchronous Generator Construction
• Rotor essentially a magnet
• Salient poles
– Protruding or sticking out radially from the shaft
– Used for four-or more poles
• Non-salient poles
– Flushed with the rotor
Synchronous Generator Construction
• Provision of DC current to field windings
– Supply power by means of slip rings
– Supply DC power by a source mounted on the rotor

• Use of brushless exciters for field current on larger

generators
– Small AC Generator with field circuit on the stator
– Armature circuit on the Rotor shaft
– 3-phase output of the exciter rectified to DC by 3-phase
rectifier mounted on the rotor shaft
– Field current of generator controlled by controlling the
small dc field current of the exciter located on the stator
Speed of Rotation of Synchronous DC Generator

•  Why synchronous
– Electrical frequency synchronized with mechanical
rate of rotation
Internal Generated Voltage
• Magnitude
  of the voltage induced in a given stator

– Simpler form

» For w in electrical radians

» For w in mechanical radians

• EA is directly proportional to flux and speed

– Flux depends on current in the rotor field circuit
– EA is related to field current via magnetization curve
(Fig 4-7b)
Equivalent Circuit
• Reasons for difference between EA and VT
– Armature Reaction
– Self-Inductance of armature coils
– Resistance of coils
– Effect of salient-pole rotor shapes

• First three effects to be discussed

Equivalent Circuit
• Armature
  Reaction
– Under no-load, peak value of EA coincides with direction of BR
– EA equal to under no load conditions

– Lagging Load attached

• Peak current to occur at angle behind peak E A
• Current in stator to produce a magnetic field of its own which gives rise
to its own induced voltage Estat

• Angles of EA and BR are the same

• Angles of Estat and BS are the same
• Angle between BR and Bnet known as torque angle
Equivalent Circuit
•  Estat lies 1800 behind peak current
• Estat is directly proportional to IA
• Hence

• Addition of armature self-inductance and

resistance
Equivalent Circuit
•  For Y-Connection

• For Delta Connection