Mini Curso FACTS 2001F

Mini-Curso
An Overview on FACTS Controllers

Paulo F. Ribeiro, BSEE, MBA, PHD, PE
CALVIN COLLEGE
Engineering Department
Grand Rapids, MI 49546
PRIBEIRO@CALVIN.EDU
From EPRI
Power Transfer
Phase Angle
P. Ribeiro August, 2001

1
Outline
• Introduction - The Concept

• History / Background - Origin of FACTS, Opportunities, Trends
• System Architectures and Limitations
• Power Flow Control on AC Systems
• Application Studies and Implementation
• Basic Switching Devices
• Systems Studies
• AC Transmission Fundamentals
• Voltage Source vs. Current Source
• Voltage Sources
• Static Var Compensator (SVC), STATCOM, TCSC, UPFC, SMES
• System Studies (by EMTP, ATP, Saber, EDSA, EMTDC)
• Systems Integration, Specification, Cost Considerations and Technology Trends
• Operation and Maintenance
• Impact of FACTS in interconnected networks
• Market Assessment, Deregulation and Predictions
• Conclusions - Final Words
• Questions and Open Discussions
2
The reason, therefore, that some intuitive minds are not mathematical is that they
cannot at all turn their attention to the principles of mathematics. But the reason
that mathematicians are not intuitive is that they do not see what is before them,
and that, accustomed to the exact and plain principles of mathematics, and not
reasoning till they have well inspected and arranged their principles, they are
lost in matters of intuition where the principles do not allow of such arrangement.
They are scarcely seen; they are felt rather than seen; there is the greatest
difficulty in making them felt by those who do not of themselves perceive them.
These principles are so fine and so numerous that a very delicate and very clear
sense is needed to perceive them, and to judge rightly and justly when they are
perceived, without for the most part being able to demonstrate them in order as in
mathematics, because the principles are not known to us in the same way, and
because it would be an endless matter to undertake it. We must see the matter at
once, at one glance, and not by a process of reasoning, at least to a certain
degree.
1660 PENSEES by Blaise Pascal

3
The Concept
∆X ∆V ∆φ
∆P = − • P+ • P+ • P
X V tgφ

4
The Concept
A transmission system can carry power up to its thermal loading limits. But in
practice the system has the following constraints:
-Transmission stability limits
-Voltage limits
-Loop flows
Transmission stability limits: limits of transmittable power with which a transmission

system can ride through major faults in the system with its power transmission
capability intact.
Voltage limits: limits of power transmission where the system voltage can be kept
within permitted deviations from nominal. Voltage is governed by reactive power (Q).
Q in its turn depends of the physical length of the transmission circuit as well as from
the flow of active power. The longer the line and/or the heavier the flow of active
power, the stronger will be the flow of reactive power, as a consequence of which the
voltage will drop, until, at some critical level, the voltage collapses altogether.
Loop flows can be a problem as they are governed by the laws of nature which may
not be coincident with the contracted path. This means that power which is to be
P. Ribeiro
sent from point ”A” to point ”B” in a grid will not necessarily take the shortest, direct 5
August, 2001
route, but will go uncontrolled and fan out to take unwanted paths available in the
The Concept
FACTS devices
FACTS are designed to remove such constraints and to meet planners´, investors´ and operators´ goals
without their having to undertake major system additions. This offers ways of attaining an increase of
power transmission capacity at optimum conditions, i.e. at maximum availability, minimum
transmission losses, and minimum environmental impact. Plus, of course, at minimum investment cost
and time expenditure.
The term ”FACTS” covers several power electronics based systems used for AC power transmission.
Given the nature of power electronics equipment, FACTS solutions will be particularly justifiable in
applications requiring one or more of the following qualities:
-Rapid dynamic response
-Ability for frequent variations in output
-Smoothly adjustable output.
Important applications in power transmission involving FACTS and Power Quality devices:
SVC (Static Var Compensators), Fixed * as well as Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitors (TCSC) and
Statcom. Still others are PST (Phase-shifting Transformers), IPC (Interphase Power Controllers), UPFC
(Universal Power Flow Controllers), and DVR (Dynamic Voltage Restorers).
6
Introduction: History, Concepts, Background, and Issues
Origin of FACTS
-Oil Embargo of 1974 and 1979
-Environmental Movement
-Magnetic Field Concerns
-Permit to build new transmission lines
-HVDC and SVCs
-EPRI FACTS Initiative (1988)
-Increase AC Power Transfer (GE and DOE Papers)
-The Need for Power semiconductors
Why we need transmission interconnection

-Pool power plants and load centers to minimize generation cost
-Important in a deregulated environment
Opportunities for FACTS
Increase power transfer capacity
SVC (Nebraska GE 1974, Minnesota Westinghouse 1975, Brazil Siemens 1985)
TCSC, UPFC AEP 1999
Trends
-Generation is not being built
-Power sales/purchases are being
7
System Architectures and Limitations
System Architecture
Radial, interconnected areas, complex network
Power Flow in an AC System
Power Flow in Parallel and Meshed Paths
Transmission Limitations
Steady-State (angular stability, thermal limits, voltage limits)
Stability Issues (transient, dynamic, voltage and SSR)
System Issues (Post contingency conditions, loop flows, short-circuit levels)
Power Flow and Dynamic Stability Considerations
Controllable Parameters
Basic FACTS Devices - Impact of Energy Storage

8
System Architectures and Limitations
The relative importance of transmission interconnection

Interconnections in a European type system are not very important because the system is built by
providing generation close to the loads and therefore, transmission is mainly for emergency
conditions.
In the US,very large power plants far from the load centers were built to bring "coal or water by
wire". Large plants provided the best solution - economy of scale. Also, seasonal power exchanges
have been used to the economic advantage of the consumers.
Newer generation technologies favor smaller plants which can be located close to the loads and
therefore, reduces the need for transmission. Also, if distributed generation takes off, then generation
will be much closer to the loads which would lessen the need for transmission even further.
However, for major market players, once the plant is built, the transmission system is the only way to
bring power to the consumer that is willing to pay the most for the power. That is, without
transmission, we will not get a well functioning competitive market for power.

9
Power Flow Control on AC Systems
Radial
Parallel
Meshed
Power Flow in Parallel Paths

Power Flow in a Meshed Systems
What limits the loading capability?
Power Flow and Dynamic Considerations
10
Power Flow Control on AC Systems
50% Series Compensation
Relative Importance of Controllable Parameters
Control of X can provide current control

When angle is large X can provide power control
Injecting voltage in series and perpendicular to the current flow, can increase or
decrease
11
FACTS Applications and Implementations
Transmission Transfer Capacity Enhancement
Steady State Dynamic

Issues Traditional Solutions Issues
Voltage Limits Breaking Advanced Solutions Transient Stability
Thermal Limits Resistors Load Damping Power Swings
Angular Stability Limits FACTS
Loop Flows
Shedding Post-Contingency
Voltage Control
Fixed Energy Storage Voltage Stability
Compensation Subsynchronous Res.
Line Enhanced
Transmission Power Transfer
Reconfiguration
Link and Stability
Better
Protection SVC
FACTS STATCOM
Increased TCSC, SSSC
Devices UPFC
Inertia
12
FACTS Devices
Shunt Connected
Static VAR Compensator (SVC)
Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)
Static Synchronous Generator - SSG
Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) Energy Storage
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)
Combined Series and Series-Shunt Connected

Static Synchronous Series Controllers (SSSC)
Thyristor Controlled Phase-Shifting Transformer or
Phase Angle Regulator (PAR)
Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC)
Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)
Relative Importance of Different Types of Controllers

Energy Storage
Shunt, Shunt-Serie
13
Power Electronics - Semiconductor Devices
Diodes
Transistors
IGBT
Thyristors
SCR, GTO, MTO, ETO, GCT, IGCT, MCT
Devices
Diode (pn Junction)
Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR)
Gate Turn-Off Thyristor (GTO) GE
MOS Turn-Off Thyristor (MTO) SPCO
Emitter Turn-Off Thyristor (ETO) Virginia Tech
Integrated Gate-Commutated Thyristor (IGCT) Mitsubishi, ABB
MOS-Controlled Thyristor (MCT) Victor Temple
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)
14
Principal Characteristics
Voltage and Current
Losses and Speed of Switching
Speed of Switching
Switching Losses
Gate-driver power and energy requirements
Parameter Trade-off
Power requirements for the gate
di/dt and dv/dt capability
turn-on and turn-off time
Uniformity
Quality of silicon wafers
IGBT has pushed out the conventional GTO as IGBTs ratings go up.
IGBTs - Low-switching losses, fast switching, current-limiting capability
GTOs - large gate-drive requirements, slow-switching, high-switching losses
IGBTs (higher forward voltage drop)
15
Decision-Making Matrix
System
VSI CSI
Commutation Forced
Approach Natural
Switching
Technology Synchronous PWM
Transition
Approach Hard Soft
Circuit
Topology Two-Level Multi-Level
Device
Type SCR GTO IGBT MCT MTO

16
Planing Studies
Evaluate the technical and economic benefits of a range of FACTS alternative solutions which
may allow enhancement of power transfer across weak transmission links. Part I of this
effort should concentrate on preliminary feasibility studies to assess the technical merits of
alternative solutions to correct real and reactive power transfer ratings, system voltage
profiles, operational effects on the network, equipment configurations, etc.
A - Load flow studies will be performed to establish steady-state ratings, and identify the
appropriate locations for connection of alternative compensation devices. Load flow studies
will be used to address the following:
•System Criteria (maximum steady-state power transfers, short-term operating limits, etc.)
•Controller Enhancements (controller types, ratings, sensitivities, etc.)
•Controller Losses (based on operating points and duration)
•System Losses (system losses base on controller operating point and duration)
•Overvoltsages ((steady-state and short-term voltage insulation requirements)
•Compare technical and economic benefits of alternatives
•Identify interconnection points
•Identify critical system contingencies
•Establish power transfer capability of the transmission system
•Confirm that reliability criteria can be met
•Identify the cost of capital of equipment and losses
•Identify steady-state and dynamic characteristics of FACTS controllers
Stability Studies
17
IEEE
System Studies Power Transfer Enhancement Studies
Study Category
Study Type Planning Performance Design Operational
LOAD FLOW
System Establish existing and future network benchmarks for Determine final power flow conditions and Verify detailed design studies Confirm network loadflow conditions are
power flows, bus voltages, and phase-angles system performance criteria. within benchmark limits
Controller Identify network control variables, evaluate FACTS Determine final steady-state ratings, control Establish controller equipment hardware Confirm FACTS controller effectiveness to
controller configurations, enhancements, and establish variables, controller configurations, and ratings and software requirements enhance network steady-state performance
preliminary controller steady-state ratings and location
locations
Overvoltages & Establish steady-state and short-term overvoltage Determine final controller fault levels and Establish FACTS controller equipment Setup instrumentation and obtain
Short-Circuit requirements for network and controllers mitigation criteria. overvoltage ratings. measurements during staged fault tests and
evaluate on-line faults.
DYMANIC
Damping Establish effectiveness of alternatives to damp Determine final performance criteria and Verify performance Confirm performance
network power oscillations control variables
Voltage Establish preliminary criteria Finalize performance criteria Verify performance Confirm performance
Stability
Interaction Establish preliminary criteria Finalize performance criteria Verify performance Confirm performance
Control Establish preliminary criteria Finalize performance criteria Verify performance Confirm performance
Strategies
Fault Duties xxx Establish performance criteria Verify performance Setup instrumentation and obtain
measurements during staged fault tests and
evaluate on-line system faults
Overvoltages Evaluate symmetric and unsymmetric fault duties for Establish performance criteria Verify performance Confirm performance
system and controller, including mitigation measures
Frequency xxx Establish network performance criteria Verify performance Confirm performance
TRANSIENT
Short-Circuit xxx Establish criteria Verify performance Confirm performance
Post-Transient xxx Establish criteria Verify performance Confirm performance
Voltage xxx Establish criteria Verify performance Confirm performance

Instability
System SSR Identify system sensitivity issues Evaluate mitigation measures Verify performance Confirm performance
Controller SSR xxx Establish criteria for interaction with system Verify system SSR models and demonstrate Instrument and confirm system sensitivity
damping or mitigation performance while monitoring and testing SSR
damping/mitigation performance

18
IEEE
Identify
Transmission
System Studies Systems - Provide
System data and
Configuration
System
Outages Perform Load operat.
and load Flow limits
System data and transfer (P,Q, V, θ )
configuration
Identify and Size

Outages Load Flow System
Transfer
and load (P,Q, V, θ ) operat.
Enhancement
transfer limits
Solutions Devices
Generator Induction
data motor data
Voltage Fault Perform

Transient data Economic
Reg. Data
Stability Analysis
(AVR)
(P,Q, V, θ , time)
Governor System
data changes
Relay Load
Dynamic Shedding
data
Stability
(P,Q, V, θ , ω ,
IEEE time)

19
System Studies Power Transfer Enhancement Studies (Cont’d)
Study Category
Study Type Planning Performance Design Operational
HARMONICS
System xxx Analyze system sensitivity and establish xxx Instrumentation and testing to confirm system
criteria harmonics are within established, limits
without FACTS controller
Controller xxx Analyze and identify potential system Perform design studies and offsite tests to Monitor potential system interactions to
Interaction interactions and establish performance criteria verify controller can meet established confirm performance of FACTS controller
criteria causes no interactions
Controller xxx Establish harmonic current, voltage, and Perform design studies and calculations to Instrumentation and testing to confirm FACTS
Performance communication system harmonic criteria establish equipment performance controller performance levels
requirements.
CR&I
Control xxx Establish criteria Verify performance Confirm performance
Relaying xxx Establish criteria Verify performance Confirm performance
Instrumentation xxx Establish criteria Verify performance Confirm performance

RELIABILITY/
AVAILABILITY Assess impact of FACTS controller configurations on Finalize reliability/availability criteria for Calculate expected FACTS controller Measure reliability/availability performance of
system criteria including cooling systems FACTS controller reliability/availability performance FACTS controller
COST FACTORS
System Assess impact of system transmission network and Determine impact of control, relaying, and Evaluate impact that alternatives have on xxx
substation facilities instrumentation requirements system and develop cost factors
Controller Preliminary impact assessment Final Assessment Establish preliminary cost estimates for xxx
various controller configurations
Losses Analysis of controller and system losses xxx Determine network electrical losses and Establish operational losses algorithm
establish value for each configuration being
investigated.
Benefits Preliminary impact assessment Final Assessment Summarize technical and economic benefits xxx
for alternatives being investigated
Risks Preliminary impact assessment Final Assessment Summarize technical and economic risks xxx
for each alternative

20
IEEE
AC Transmission Fundamentals E2 / δ 2
E1 / δ 1 P&Q
I
X
E2 . sin(δ )
(E1 - E2 . cos(δ )
E1
E2 . cos(δ ) E1 - E2
P1 = E1 . Ip1
E1 . sin (δ )
Ip1 = E2 sin(δ ) / X
E1 . Cos (δ ) E2
Iq1 = (E1 - E2 . cos(δ ) / X (E2 - E1 . cos(δ )

21
AC Transmission Fundamentals
Active component of the current flow at E1
Ip1 = (E2 . sin (δ )) / X
Reactive component of the current flow at E1
Iq1 = (E1 - E2 . cos (δ ))/X
Active Power at the E1 end
P1 = E1 (E2 . sin (δ ))/X
Reactive Power at the E1 end
Q1 = E1(E1 - E2 . cos (δ )) / X

22
AC Transmission Fundamentals (Voltage - Shunt
E2 / δ 2
Control)
E1 / δ 1 P&Q
I
P1 = k1.E1 (E2 . sin (δ /k2))/X

Q/V
E1
P1 = E1 (E2 . sin (δ ))/X

E1 - E2
E2
Regulating end bus voltage mostly change reactive power - Compensating at an intermediate
point between buses can significantly impact power flow
23
AC Transmission Fundamentals (Voltage-Series Injection)
E1 / δ 1 P&Q E2 / δ 2
I
X
Vinj
Injected Voltage
E1
P1 = E1 . E2 . sin (δ ) / (X - Vinj / I)
E1 - E2
E2
Injecting Voltage in series with the line mostly change real power
24
AC Transmission Fundamentals (Series Compensation)
E2 / δ 2
E1 / δ 1 P&Q
I
X
Changes in X will increase or decrease real power flow for a fixed angle or change angle for a fixed power flow.
Alternatively, the reactive power flow will change with the change of X. Adjustments on the bus voltage have
little impact on the real power flow. Vc Vx I
P1 = E1 . E2 . sin (δ ) / (X - Xc)
Vr
Vs Vseff = Vs + Vc
Real Power Angle Curve Xeff = X - Xc

Power Transfer
2
2
Vx
Vc
P1 ( x , delta , V1 ) 1 Vxo Vr
Vs
Vseff I
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0 delta 3.14
Phase Angle
25
AC Transmission Fundamentals (Voltage-Series and Shunt Comp.)
E1 / δ 1 P&Q E2 / δ 2
I
X
P
Injected Voltage
E1
E1 - E2
E2
Integrated voltage series injection and bus voltage regulation (unified) will
directly increase or decrease real and reactive power flow.
26
AC Transmission Fundamentals (Stability Margin)
Improvement of Transient Stability With FACTS Compensation
Equal Area Criteria
Q/V
Maximum Power Transfer
with VAR compensation (ideal midpoint)
Amargin
A2
no compensation
A1
δ 1 - prior to fault
A1 = Acceleration Energy
δ 1 δ 2 δ 3 δ crit Phase Angleδ 2 - fault cleared
A2 = Deceleration Energy
Therefore, FACTS compensation can increase δ 3 - equal area
δ 3 >δ crit - loss of synchronism
power transfer without reducing the stability margin
27
Voltage Source Vs. Current Source Converters
CSC A
dv/D
is V
SC Adv/D
is
DeviceTy
pe Thyristor Thyristor
Self -C om
m utation S
elf -C om
m utatio
n
Device Sy
m metrical A
symmetrical +
Characteristic
Sym m etry
Short -Circuit L
ower + H
igher
Current
RateofR iseof L
imitedbyDCR eactor + FastR ise(D ueto
F
aultC urrent capacitordischarge)
L
osses H
igher - L
ower +
ACCapacito
rs Required N
otRequired +
DCCapacito
rs N
otRequired + Required
Valvesdv/dt Low er + H
igher
(A CC apacitors)
Interfacew
ithA
C M oreC omplex L
essComp lex +
Sy stem
ReactivePower DependsonC urrent Independentof +

Generation F
low ingthrough E nergyStorag
e
EnergyStorage
Performance
Harmonics A Ccapacitorsm ay -
produceresonances
nearthecharacteristic
harm onics –maycause
overvoltagesonvalves
an dtransform er.

28
Voltage Source Converters
ep mo C tnuh S n oit a s n e p m o C s ei r e S
∆ V
s u b m et s y S
V V
s u b m et s y S
g nil p u o C g nil p u o C
r e mr of s n ar T r e m r of s n a r T
I I
e g a k a el r e m r of s n a r T e g a k a el r e m r of s n a r T
X
e c n at c u d ni
X
e c n at c u d ni
Vo Vo
C A- C D C A- C D
g ni h c ti w S g ni h c ti w S
r etr e v n o C r etr e v n o C
C s C s
+ +
Vc d Vc d
29
Basic 6-Pulse, 2-level, Voltage-Source Converter

c id
ia 1T a D1 a T1 b D1 b T1 c D1 c Vc d
e a
2
ib + Vc d
e b C s l a cit e ht o p y H
t ni o p l a rt u e n
ic
e c Vc d
T2 a D2 a T2 b D2 b T2 c D2 c 2

30
2, 3, 5-level, VSC Waveforms
vc d +
vc d vc d
2
+ 2
t eu o
vc d vc d
2 2
+
vc d
2 vc d
vc d
l a rt u e N
t ni o p ) - di m ( t eu o
+
cv d α 1
+
vc d α 2
v + cd
l a rt u e N
t n i o p ) - di m ( t eu o
α v - cd
+ +
vc d vc d

31
Voltage-Source Converter Bridges
va o va o vb o vc o va o vb o vc o
vc d vc d Vc d Vc d
C C C 2/ C 2/ C
p - e l g ln ie Sv e l - o w t , e s a h p - e e r h T l e v e l - e e r h t , e s a h p - e e r h T
l e v el - o w t e g di r b e sl u p - xi s e g di r b e sl u p - 2 1

32
Output voltage control of a two-level VSC
v = V 0
v = nV i s ω t io
ω t v o = V o ( δα ) α
Θ *
ω t
Θ = Θ *+ α
δ− α δ+ α vF o δ (+ α ) = V α(+ δ n )i s ω tω t
v oδ +( α ) + v ( ∆) vc d
l a n i m o n vc d vc d
v o δ −( α ) - v ( ∆) vc d
ω t
C ci d
∆ vc d = 1 ci d t d
vF o δ(− α ) = V α(+ δ n )i s ω t C
ci d) α= δf (

33
Output voltage control of a three-level VSC
v = nV i s ω t v = V 0
io
v o= V o (τ ) α
ω t
Θ *
Θ = Θ *+ α ω t
α (0 < α < π ) ω t
x a vm o vo vF o = f ( τ α, )n= i s (ω t - α )
Vtc sd n =o c Vc d Vc d
τ ω t
2/ C 2/ C
π
x aτ m = 2
3
34
r a b s u B m et s y S Multi-pulse VSC with
wave-forming magnetic circuits
g nil p u o C
r e mr of s n ar T
e r u t c u r t s ci t e n g a M
si s e h t n y s m r of e v a w e sl u p-itl u m r o f
1 r etr e v n o C 2 r etr e v n o C n r etr e v n o C
su B Vk831
g nil p u o C
r e m r of s n a r T
s cit e n g a M e c af r et nI

35
FACTS Technology - Possible Benefits
• Control of power flow as ordered. Increase the loading capability of lines to their
thermal capabilities, including short term and seasonal.
• Increase the system security through raising the transient stability limit, limiting
short-circuit currents and overloads, managing cascading blackouts and
damping electromechanical oscillations of power systems and machines.
• Provide secure tie lines connections to neighboring utilities and regions thereby
decreasing overall generation reserve requirements on both sides.
• Provide greater flexibility in siting new generation.
• Reduce reactive power flows, thus allowing the lines to carry more active power.
• Reduce loop flows.
• Increase utilization of lowest cost generation.

36
FACTS and HVDC: Complimentary Solutions
HVDC
Independent frequency and control
Lower line costs
Power control, voltage control,
stability control
FACTS
Power control, voltage control,
stability control
Installed Costs (millions of dollars)
Throughput MW HVDC 2 Terminals FACTS
2000 MW $ 40-50 M $ 5-10 M

500 MW $ 75-100M $ 10-20M
1000 MW $120-170M $ 20-30M
2000 MW $200-300M $ 30-50M
(*)Hingorani/Gyugyi

37
FACTS and HVDC: Complimentary Solutions
HVDC Projects: Applications
Submarine cable
Long distance overhead transmission
Underground Transmission
Connecting AC systems of different or incompatible frequencies
Large market potential for FACTS is within the ac system on a value-added basis, where:
• The existing steady-state phase angle between bus nodes is reasonable
• The cost of a FACTS device solution is lower than HVDC or other alternatives
• The required FACTS controller capacity is less than 100% of the transmission throughput rating

38
FACTS Attributes for Different Controllers
FACTS Controller Control Attributes
Static Synchronous Compensator Voltage control, VAR compensation, damping oscillations, voltage
(STATCOMwithout storage) stability
Static Synchronous Compensator Voltage control, VAR compensation, damping oscillations, transient
(STATCOMwith storage, BESS, SMES, and dynamic stability, voltage stability, AGC
large dc capacitor)
Static VAR Compensator (SVC, TCR, Voltage control, VAR compensation, damping oscillations, transient
TCS, TRS and dynamic stability, voltage stability
Thyristor-Controlled Braking Resistor Damping oscillations, transient and dynamic stability
(TCBR)
Static Synchronous Series Compensator Current control, damping oscillations, transient and dynamic stability,
(SSSC without storage) voltage stability, fault current limiting
Static Synchronous Series Compensator Current control, damping oscillations, transient and dynamic stability,
(SSSC with storage) voltage stability
Thrystor-Controlled Series Capacitor Current control, damping oscillations, transient and dynamic stability,
(TCSC, TSSC) voltage stability, fault current limiting
Thyristor-Controlled Series Reactor Current control, damping oscillations, transient and dynamic stability,
(TCSR, TSSR) voltage stability, fault current limiting
Thyristor-Controlled Phase-Shifting Active power control, damping oscillations, transient and dynamic
Transformer (TCPST or TCPR) stability, voltage stability
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) Active and reactive power control, voltage control, VAR
compensation, damping oscillations, transient and dynamic stability,
voltage stability, fault current limiting
Thyristor-Controlled Voltage Limiter Transient and dynamic voltage limit
(TCVL)
Thyristor-Controlled Voltage Regulator Reactive power control, voltage control, damping oscillations,
(TCVR) transient and dynamic stability, voltage stability
Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) Reactive power control, voltage control, damping oscillations,
transient and dynamic stability, voltage stability

39
FACTS Implementation - STATCOM
E1 / δ 1 I P&Q E2 / δ 2
Regulating Bus Voltage

Can Affect Power Flow Indirectly / Dynamically
P1 = E1 (E2 . sin (δ ))/X

40
FACTS Implementation - TCSC
E1 / δ 1 P&Q E2 / δ 2
Line Impedance Compensation

Can Control Power Flow Continuously P1 = E1 (E2 . sin (δ )) / Xeff
Xeff = X- Xc
The alternative solutions need to be distributed; often series compensation has to be installed in several places along a line but many of the
other alternatives would put both voltage support and power flow control in the same location. This may not be useful. For instance, if
voltage support were needed at the midpoint of a line, an IPFC would not be very useful at that spot. TCSC for damping oscillations ...
41
Breaker
X
MOV
TCSC TCSC TCSC TCSC TCSC

#2 #3 #4 #5 #6
TCSC module #1
Slatt TCSC

42
Damping Damping
Circuit Circuit
Breaker
X X
Breaker
MOV
MOV MOV
40 Ω 55 Ω
TCSC 15 to 60 Ω
Kayenta TCSC
43
FACTS Implementation - SSSC
E1 / δ 1 P&Q E2 / δ 2
I
X
P1 = E1 (E2 . sin (δ )) / Xeff
Xeff = X - Vinj/I

44
FACTS Implementation - UPFC
E1 / δ 1 P&Q E2 / δ 2
I
X
Regulating Bus Voltage and Injecting Voltage

In Series With the Line
Can Control Power Flow
P1 = E1 (E2 . sin (δ )) / Xeff
Xeff = X - Vinj / I
Q1 = E1(E2 - E2 . cos (δ )) / X
45
FACTS Implementation - UPFC
Series Transformer
Shunt Inverter Series Inverter
Shunt
Transforme
r
Unified Power Flow Controller

46
FACTS Implementation - STATCOM + Energy Storage
E1 / δ 1 P&Q E2 / δ 2
I
X
Regulating Bus Voltage Plus Energy Storage

Can Affect Power Flow Directly / Dynamically
Plus Energy Storage

47
FACTS Implementation - SSSC + Energy Storage
E1 / δ 1 P&Q E2 / δ 2
I
X
Voltage Injection in Series Plus Energy Storage

Can Affect Power Flow Directly / Dynamically
and sustain operation under fault conditions
Plus Energy Storage

48
FACTS Implementation - UPFC + Energy Storage
E2 / δ 2
E1 / δ 1 P&Q
I
X
Regulating Bus Voltage + Injected

Voltage + Energy Storage
Can Control Power Flow Continuously,
Plus Energy Storage
and Support Operation Under Severe
Fault Conditions (enhanced
performance)

49
Series
Inverter 1000μ
F
Shunt
Inverter 1000μ
F
1000μ
F
1000μ
F SMES Chopper
and Coil
Unified Power Flow Controller - SMES Interface

50
MOV
UPFC
Grounding
SMES Chopper and Coil - Overvoltage Protection

51
FACTS Implementation - TCSC + STACOM + Energy Storage
Regulating Bus Voltage + Energy

Storage + Line Impedance Compensation
Can Control Power Flow Continuously,
and Support Operation Under Severe
Fault Conditions (enhanced
performance)

52
FACTS Implementation - IPFC
E1 / δ 1 E3 / δ 3
E2 / δ 2
P12 = E1 (E2 . sin (δ 1- δ 2)) / X
P13 = E1 (E2 . sin (δ 1- δ 3)) / X

53
FACTS Implementation - IPFC
Series Transformer, Line 1
Series Transformer, Line 2
Series Inverter #1 Series Inverter #2
Interline Power Flow Controller

54
Enhanced Power Transfer and Stability:
Technologies’ Perspective
Compensation FACTS Devices
Devices Energy Storage
Fast
SMES Real Power Injection
and Absorption
P
TSSC
P P Increased Power
SSSC TSSC Additional Transfer
SSSC
UPFC Stability Margin
UPFC
Electric Grid Electric Grid
2
Q STATCOM Q STATCOM
1.5
Acceleration
Area
Deceleration
Area
Fast Fast
Power Transfer
1 Stability
Margin
Reactive Power Injection Reactive Power Injection and 0.5
and Absorption Absorption 0

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Phase Angle

55
Q
FACTS + Energy Storage
The Role of Energy Storage: real
power compensation can increase
operating control and reduce capital STATCOM
costs Reactive Power Only
Operates in the vertical
axis only
MVA Reduction P P - Active Power
Q - Reactive Power
The Combination or Real and

Reactive Power will typically
reduce the Rating of the Power
Electronics front end interface.
Real Power takes care of power
oscillation, whereas reactive STATCOM + SMES
power controls voltage. Real and Reactive Power
Operates anywhere within the
PQ Plane / Circle (4-Quadrant)

56
FACTS + Energy Storage - Location Sensitivity
Closer to generation
Additional Power Transfer(MW)
Closer to load centers
SMES Power (MW)

57
Enhanced Power Transfer and Stability:
Location and Configuration Type Sensitivity
No Compensation
System Frequency
60.8
(Hz)
59.2
time (sec)
2 STATCOMs 1 STATCOM + SMES

System Frequency
System Frequency
60.8 60.8
(Hz)
(Hz)
59.2 59.2
time (sec)
time (sec)
Voltage and Stability Control Enhanced Voltage and Stability Control

(2 x 80 MVA Inverters) ( 80 MVA Inverter + 100Mjs SMES)

58
FACTS For Optimizing Grid Investments
FACTS Devices Can Delay Transmission Lines Construction

By considering series compensation from the very beginning, power transmission between regions can be
planned with a minimum of transmission circuits, thus minimizing costs as well as environmental impact
from the start.
The Way to Proceed

· Planners, investors and financiers should issue functional specifications for the transmission system
to qualified contractors, as opposed to the practice of issuing technical specifications, which are often
inflexible, and many times include older technologies and techniques) while inviting bids for a
transmission system.
· Functional specifications could lay down the power capacity, distance, availability and reliability
requirements; and last but not least, the environmental conditions.
· Manufacturers should be allowed to bid either a FACTS solution or a solution involving the
building of (a) new line(s) and/or generation; and the best option chosen.

59
Specifications
(Functional rather than Technical )
Transformer Connections
Higher-Pulse Operation
Higher-Level Operation
PWM Converter
Pay Attention to Interface Issues and Controls
Converter
Increase Pulse Number
Higher Level
Double the Number of Phase-Legs and Connect them in Parallel
Connect Converter Groups in Parallel
Use A Combination of several options listed to achieve required rating and performance
60
Cost Considerations
Technology Transmission Line Cost Range Operating principle Procurement
Transfer Enhancement Availability
Reconductor lines Increase thermal capacity $50K to $200K per Increases thermal limit for line Competitive
mile
Fixed or Switched Shunt Voltage reduction – Light $8-$12 kVAR Compensates for capacitive var- Competitive
Reactors Load Management load
Fixed or Switched Shunt Voltage support and $8-$10 kVAR Compensates for inductive var- Competitive
Capacitors stability load
Fixed or Switched Series Power flow control, $12-$16 kVAR Reduces inductive line Competitive
Capacitors Voltage support and impedance
Stability
Static VAR Compensators Voltage support and $20-$45 kVAR Compensates for inductive Competitive
stability and/or capacitive var-load
Thyristor Controlled Series Power flow control, $25-$50 kVAR Reduces or increases inductive Limited
Compensation (TCSC) Voltage support and line impedance competition
stability
STATCOM Voltage support and $80-$100 kVAR Compensates for inductive and Limited
stability capacitive var-load competition
STATCOM w/SMES Voltage support and $150-$300 kW Compensates for inductive Limited
stability and/or capacitive var-load plus
energy storage for active power
Unified Power Flow Power flow control, $150-$200 kW SVC and TCSC functions plus Sole source
Controller (UPFC) Voltage support, and phase angle control
Stability
Unified Power Flow Power flow control $250-$350 kW SVC and TCSC functions plus Sole source
Controller (UPFC) w/SMES Voltage support and voltage regulator, phase angle
Stability, controller and energy storage
Shaded area indicates technologies that are either permanently connected or switched on or off with mechanical switches. (i.e. these are
not continuously controllable)

61
Cost Considerations
Hardware
Eng & Project Mgmt.
Installation
Civil Works
Commissioning
Insurance
Cost structure
The cost of a FACTS installation depends on many factors, such as power rating, type of device,
system voltage,
system requirements, environmental conditions, regulatory requirements etc. On top of this,
the variety of options available for optimum design renders it impossible to give a cost figure
for a FACTS installation.
It is strongly recommended that contact is taken with a manufacturer in order to get a first
idea of costs and
alternatives. The manufacturers should be able to give a budgetary price based on a brief
description of the
transmission system along with the problem(s) needing to be solved and the improvement(s)
P. Ribeironeeding to be August, 2001
attained. 62
Technology & Cost Trends
$
I
$$$
$
I
additional cost savings possible

63
Concerns About FACTS
Cost
Losses
Reliability

64
Economics of Power Electronics
Sometimes a mix of conventional and FACTS systems has the lowest cost
Losses will increase with higher loading and FACTS equipment more lossy than conventional ones
Reliability and security issues - when system loaded beyond the limits of experience
Demonstration projects required
100% Power
Electronics
Delta-P4
Delta-P2
Delta-P3
Delta-P1
100%
Conventional
Cost of System
65
Stig Nilson’s paper
Operation and Maintenance
Operation of FACTS in power systems is coordinated with operation of other

items in the same system, for smooth and optimum function of the system.
This is achieved in a natural way through the Central Power System Control,
with which the FACTS device(s) is (are) communicating via system SCADA. This
means that each FACTS device in the system can be operated from a central
control point in the grid, where the operator will have skilled human resources
available for the task. The FACTS device itself is normally unmanned, and there
is normally no need for local presence in conjunction with FACTS operation,
although the device itself may be located far out in the grid.
Maintenance is usually done in conjunction with regular system maintenance,

i.e. normally once a year. It will require a planned standstill of typically a
couple of days. Tasks normally to be done are cleaning of structures and
porcelains, exchanging of mechanical seals in pump motors, checking through
of capacitors, checking of control and protective settings, and similar. It can
normally be done by a crew of 2-3 people with engineer´s skill.
Joint World Bank / ABB Power Systems Paper

Improving the efficiency and quality of AC transmission systems 66
Impact of FACTS in interconnected networks
The benefits of power system interconnection are well established. It enables the
participating parties to share the benefits of large power systems, such as optimization of
power generation, utilization of differences in load profiles and pooling of reserve capacity.
From this follows not only technical and economical benefits, but also environmental, when
for example surplus of clean hydro resources from one region can help to replace polluting
fossil-fuelled generation in another.
For interconnections to serve their purpose, however, available transmission links must be
powerful enough to safely transmit the amounts of power intended. If this is not the case,
from a purely technical point of view it can always be remedied by building additional lines in
parallel with the existing, or by uprating the existing system(s) to a higher voltage. This,
however, is expensive, time-consuming, and calls for elaborate procedures for gaining the
necessary permits. Also, in many cases, environmental considerations, popular opinion or
other impediments will render the building of new lines as well as uprating to ultrahigh
system voltages impossible in
practice. This is where FACTS comes in.
Examples of successful implementation of FACTS for power system interconnection can be

found among others between the Nordic Countries, and between Canada and the United
States. In such cases, FACTS helps to enable mutually beneficial trade of electric energy
between the countries.
Other regions in the world where FACTS is emerging as a means for AC bulk power
interchange between regions can be found in South Asia as well as in Africa and Latin
America. In fact, AC power corridors equipped
P. Ribeiro
with
August, 2001 SVC and/or SC transmitting bulk power
67
over distances of more than 1.000 km are a reality today.
Conclusions
• Future systems can be expected to operate at higher stress levels

• FACTS could provide means to control and alleviate stress
• Reliability of the existing systems minimize risks (but not risk-free)
• Interaction between FACTS devices needs to be studied
• Existing Projects - Met Expectations
• More Demonstrations Needed
• R&D needed on avoiding security problems (with and w/o FACTS)
• Energy storage can significantly enhance FACTS controllers performance

68
Final Words
Power supply industry is undergoing dramatic change as a result of
deregulation and political and economical maneuvers. This new market
environment puts demands for flexibility and power quality into focus. Also,
trade between companies and countries of electric power is gaining
momentum, to the benefit of all involved. This calls for the right solutions
as far as power transmission facilities between countries as well as
between regions within countries are concerned.
FACTS Benefits included:
-An increase of synchronous stability of the grid;
-An increased voltage stability in the grid;
-Decreased power wheeling between different power systems;
-Improved load sharing between parallel circuits;
-Decreased overall system transmission losses;
-Improved power quality in grids.
•The choice of FACTS device is simple and needs to be made the subject of
detailed system studies, taking all relevant requirements and prerequisites
of the system into consideration, so as to arrive at the optimum technical
and economical solution. In fact, the
P. Ribeiro August, best
2001 solution may often be lying in a 69
combination of devices.
Final Words
From an economical point of view, more power can be transmitted over
existing or new transmission grids with unimpeded availability at an
investment cost and time expenditure lower, or in cases even far lower
than it would cost to achieve the same with more extensive grids. Also,
in many cases, money can be saved on a decrease of
power transmission losses.
From an environmental point of view, FACTS enables the transmission of

power over vast distances with less or much less right-of-way impact
than would otherwise be possible. Furthermore, the saving in
transmission losses may well bring a corresponding decrease in need for
generation, with so much less toll on the environment.
All these things help to enable active, useful power to reach out in
growing quantities to growing populations under safe and favorable
conditions all over the world. Also, individual countries´ own border lines
no longer constitute any limit to power industry. With FACTS, power
trade to the benefit of many can be
P. Ribeiro
established to a growing extent
August, 2001
across borders, by making more efficient use of interconnections 70
Questions and Open Discussions

71
Appendix

72

Mini Curso FACTS 2001F

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Mini-Curso

An Overview on FACTS Controllers

P. Ribeiro August, 2001

• Introduction - The Concept

P. Ribeiro August, 2001

P. Ribeiro August, 2001

Transmission stability limits: limits of transmittable power with which a transmission

Why we need transmission interconnection

P. Ribeiro August, 2001

The relative importance of transmission interconnection

P. Ribeiro August, 2001

Power Flow in Parallel Paths

50% Series Compensation

Relative Importance of Controllable Parameters

Control of X can provide current control

Steady State Dynamic

Combined Series and Series-Shunt Connected

Relative Importance of Different Types of Controllers

P. Ribeiro August, 2001

Post-Transient xxx Establish criteria Verify performance Confirm performance

Voltage xxx Establish criteria Verify performance Confirm performance

P. Ribeiro August, 2001

Identify and Size

Voltage Fault Perform

P. Ribeiro August, 2001

Relaying xxx Establish criteria Verify performance Confirm performance

Instrumentation xxx Establish criteria Verify performance Confirm performance

P. Ribeiro August, 2001

Iq1 = (E1 - E2 . cos(δ ) / X (E2 - E1 . cos(δ )

Ip1 = (E2 . sin (δ )) / X

Reactive component of the current flow at E1

Iq1 = (E1 - E2 . cos (δ ))/X

Active Power at the E1 end

P1 = E1 (E2 . sin (δ ))/X

Reactive Power at the E1 end

P. Ribeiro August, 2001

P1 = k1.E1 (E2 . sin (δ /k2))/X

P1 = E1 (E2 . sin (δ ))/X

Real Power Angle Curve Xeff = X - Xc

with VAR compensation (ideal midpoint)

ReactivePower DependsonC urrent Independentof +

P. Ribeiro August, 2001

Basic 6-Pulse, 2-level, Voltage-Source Converter

P. Ribeiro August, 2001

P. Ribeiro August, 2001

P. Ribeiro August, 2001

P. Ribeiro August, 2001

1 r etr e v n o C 2 r etr e v n o C n r etr e v n o C

P. Ribeiro August, 2001

• Provide greater flexibility in siting new generation.

• Reduce loop flows.

• Increase utilization of lowest cost generation.

Throughput MW HVDC 2 Terminals FACTS

2000 MW $ 40-50 M $ 5-10 M

P. Ribeiro August, 2001

HVDC Projects: Applications

Long distance overhead transmission

Connecting AC systems of different or incompatible frequencies

P. Ribeiro August, 2001

P. Ribeiro August, 2001

Regulating Bus Voltage

P1 = E1 (E2 . sin (δ ))/X

P. Ribeiro August, 2001

Line Impedance Compensation