TYPES OF SPEECH

STYLE
SPEECH STYLES
• are patterns of speaking characterized by distinctive pronunciation,
vocabulary, intent, participants, and grammatical structures.
• it include personalities and characters and may involve the addition of
content to the original text message to emulate the persona of a
character.
• are a variation of speech which is used when people communicate with
other people.
Moreover, the used of speech style also is influenced by several factors
that can make people change his or her speech style, such as the
setting, the participant, the topic and the purpose of the
conversation.
The types of speech style ranges from the most formal to most
informal style.
• According to Martin Joos (1976), speech style is the forms of the
language which the speaker uses and it depends on the degree of
formality.
• MARTIN JOOS
He was a linguist and a German professor.
Among Joos's books on linguistics is The Five Clocks (1962), which
introduced influential discussions of style, register and style-shifting,
noting systematic characteristics in the shifts in speech between high
and low formality settings.
• He identified this style into five styles. These are frozen, formal,
consultative, casual and intimate style.
INTIMATE STYLE
• is non-public speech style that uses private vocabulary and
includes non verbal messages. It is a style in which meaning is shared
even without “correct linguistic forms”.
• used between two people who have very close relationship
• have a lot of experiential knowledge in common
• uses personal language codes
• grammar is unnecessary
• does not need complete language
• certain terms of endearment, slangs or expressions whose meaning
is shared with a small subset of persons to person
EXAMPLES:
oAsking your family for advice about
serious matters
oTelling your best friend about your
deepest and darkest problems
oTelling your bf/gf that you love them
CASUAL STYLE
• is a speech style used among friends and a acquaintances that do
not require background information. The used of slang is
common and interruptions occur often.
• style that is used in conversation with friends and peers
• uses of trendy words and phrases, and speaks in incomplete or
elided sentences
• slang, vulgarities, and colloquialism are normal
• relationship between speaker and hearer is closed
EXAMPLES:
• casual conversations with friends, family members,
etc.
• chats, phone calls and messages
• use of contractions
• use of slang words
• used of simplified grammar
• letter to friends
CONSULTATIVE STYLE
• is the opposite of the intimate style because this style is used precisely
among people who do not share common experiences or meaning.
• used in semi-formal communication
• happens in two-way participation
• most operational among other styles   
• it is a professional discourse
• speaker does not usually plan what he wants to say
• sentences end to be shorter and spontaneous
EXAMPLES:
• when a student recites in class
• when a student is talking to his/her teacher
• regular conversation at schools, companies, group
discussion,
teacher-student, doctor-patient, expert-apprentice
• lawyer and judge
• counsellor and client
FORMAL STYLE
• is used only for imparting information. The speech is well
organized and correct in grammar and diction. Technical
vocabulary and exact definitions are important in the formal style,
such as in presentations. Straightforward and direct, with no
circumlocution, this style does not allow interruption.
• avoid using slang terminologies
• this used of language usually follows a commonly accepted format
• it is usually impersonal and formal
• most often seen in writing than in speaking
EXAMPLES:
• meetings
• school lessons
• court
• job interview
• prestigious ceremony
• academic papers
• speeches
• announcements
FROZEN STYLE
• is a formal style whose quality is static, ritualistic, and may even be
archaic.
• used generally in very formal setting
• most formal communicative style for respectful situation
• does not require any feedback from the audience
• usually uses long sentences with good grammar and vocabulary
• the use of language is fixed and relatively static
• reserved for traditions in which the language does not change
• also known as fixed speech
EXAMPLES:
• pledge of allegiance
• National Anthem
• school creeds
• marriage ceremonies
• speech for a state ceremony
• The Lord’s Prayer
• The preamble of the constitution