COLOR TELEVISION

ECE126/E01
GROUP 5
SHANE BICOL, JOHN MEDINA, JASPER IAN OLPOC, ISSEL KEN QUILARIO, RUSSEL
GEM RAMIREZ
TELEVISION

• Television (TV) an electronic system of transmitting transient images of

fixed or moving objects together with sound over a wire or through
space by apparatus that converts light and sound into electrical waves
and reconverts them into visible light rays and audible sound.
COLOR TELEVISION

• Color television is a television transmission technology that includes

information on the color of the picture, so the video image can be
displayed in color on the television set. It is an improvement on the
earliest television technology, monochrome or black and white
television, in which the image is displayed in shades of gray (grayscale)
HISTORY OF COLOR TELEVISION
FIRST DOCUMENTED PROPOSALS

• The earliest mention of color television was in a 1904 German patent

for a color television system.
• In 1925, Russian inventor Vladimir K. Zworykin also filed a patent
disclosure for an all-electronic color television system.
• Sometime between 1946 and 1950, the research staff of RCA
Laboratories invented the world's first electronic, color television
system. A successful color television system based on a system
designed by RCA began commercial broadcasting on December 17,
1953.
• But before RCA, CBS researchers led by Peter Goldmark invented a
mechanical color television system based on the 1928 designs of John Logie
Baird. The FCC authorized CBS's color television technology as the national
standard in October of 1950.
• CBS began color broadcasting on five east coast stations in June of 1951.
However, RCA responded by suing to stop the public broadcasting of CBS-
based systems. Making matters worse was that there were already 10.5
million black-and-white televisions (half RCA sets) that had been sold to the
public and very few color sets. Color television production was also halted
during the Korean War. With the many challenges, the CBS system failed.
• Those factors provided RCA with the time to design a better color
television, which they based on Alfred Schroeder's 1947 patent
application for a technology called shadow mask CRT. Their system
passed FCC approval in late 1953 and sales of RCA color televisions
began in 1954.
 A BRIEF TIMELINE OF COLOR TELEVISION

• Early color telecasts could be preserved only on the black-and-white kinescope

process introduced in 1947.
• In 1956, NBC began using color film to time-delay and preserve some of its live
color telecasts. A company named Ampex made a color videotape recorder in 1958
and NBC used it to tape An Evening With Fred Astaire, the oldest surviving network
color videotape.
• In 1958, President Dwight D. Eisenhower visited the NBC station in Washington,
D.C. and gave a speech discussing the new technology's merits. His speech was
recorded in color, and a copy of this videotape was given to the Library of Congress.
• NBC made the first coast-to-coast color broadcast when it telecast the
Tournament of Roses Parade on January 1, 1954.
• The premiere of Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color in September
1961 created a turning point that persuaded consumers to go out and
purchase color televisions.
• Television broadcasting stations and networks in most parts of the
world upgraded from black-and-white TVs to color transmission in the
1960s and 1970s.
• By 1979, even the last of these had converted to color, and by the
early 1980s, black-and-white sets were mostly small portable sets or
those used as video monitor screens in lower-cost consumer
equipment. By the late 1980s, even these areas switched to color sets.
VIDEO BASICS
LUMINANCE AND CHROMINANCE

• Luminance is a weighted sum of the three colors of light used in color

television and computer displays - which are Red, Green and Blue - at a
given point on the screen. A stronger Luminance signal indicates a
more intense brightness of light at a given spot on the screen.
LUMINANCE AND CHROMINANCE

• Chrominance describes the frequency of light at a given point on the

screen, or in more common terms, the color of the light to be produced
at a given point. The Chrominance signal specifies what color is to be
shown at a given point on the display as well as how saturated or
intense the shade of color that is shown.
LUMINANCE AND CHROMINANCE

• Together, Luminance indicates how bright a given location on the

screen is, and Chrominance specifies how close to not having a color
(just being "White"), or how intense the shade of color at the
brightness specified by the Luminance should be.
LUMINANCE AND CHROMINANCE

• When combing the primary colors,

red, green and blue they yield another
colors. When all the colors were
combined they produce white.
COLOR TELEVISION TRANSMISSION
AND RECEPTION
• The picture signal is amplitude modulated and sound signal is
frequency modulated before transmission.
• On the receiver side, it has tuned circuits in its input section called
“tuner”. It selects desired channel signal out of the numerous channel
received by the antenna. The preferred RF band is transformed to a
common fixed IF band for convenience of providing large amplification
to this. Amplified IF signals are detected to obtain the video and audio
signals.
• The luminance signal from the camera is amplified and synchronizing
pulses added before feeding it to modulating amplifier. The
synchronizing pulses are transmitted to keep the camera and picture
tube beams in step. the allotted picture carrier frequency is generated
by a crystal controlled oscillator. The continuous sine wave output is
given large amplification before feeding to the power amplifier where
its amplitude is made to vary in accordance with the modulating signal
received from the modulating amplifier.
• A color TV screen differs from a black-and-white screen in three ways:
There are three electron beams that move simultaneously across the
screen. They are named the red, green and blue beams.
• The screen is not coated with a single sheet of phosphor as in a
black-and-white TV. Instead, the screen is coated with red, green and
blue phosphors arranged in dots or stripes. If you turn on your TV or
computer monitor and look closely at the screen with a magnifying
glass, you will be able to see the dots or stripes.
COLOR TV SCREEN

• On the inside of the tube,

very close to the phosphor
coating, there is a thin metal
screen called a shadow
mask. This mask is
perforated with very small
holes that are aligned with
the phosphor dots (or
stripes) on the screen.
• When a color TV needs to create a red dot, it fires the red beam at the
red phosphor. Similarly for green and blue dots. To create a white dot,
red, green and blue beams are fired simultaneously -- the three colors
mix together to create white. To create a black dot, all three beams are
turned off as they scan past the dot. All other colors on a TV screen are
combinations of red, green and blue.
BROADCAST TELEVISION SYSTEM
COLOR MODEL
• A color model is a specification of a three-dimensional color coordinate
system. The model describes a visible subset in the system within
which all colors in a particular color gamut lie.
• It is an abstract mathematical model describing the way colors can be
represented as tuples of numbers, typically as three or four values or
color components. When this model is associated with a precise
description of how the components are to be interpreted (viewing
conditions, etc.), the resulting set of colors is called "color space."
• The foundation of modern colorimetry is the CIE system developed by
Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (International Commission on
Illumination). The CIE colorimetric system consists of a series of
essential standards, measurement procedures, and computational
methods necessary to make colorimetry a useful tool for science and
industry.
• In 1931, CIE defined a set of color-matching functions and a coordinate
system that have remained the predominant, international, standard
method of specifying color to this day.
YIQ MODEL
• The YIQ model describes the NTSC color television broadcasting system
used in the U.S..The NTSC system is optimized for efficient
transmission of color information within a limited terrestrial bandwidth.
A primary criteria for NTSC is compatibility with monochrome television
receivers.

• Y—the luminance component

• I and Q—the encoded chrominance components
RGB MODEL
• The RGB (red, green, blue) color
model is used to specify color CRT
monitors. RGB color model is
additive. Additive color uses light
to display color. Mixing begins
with black and ends with white.
As more color is added, the result
is lighter and tends to white.
RGB COLOR MODEL CUBE.
CMY MODEL
• Cyan, magenta, and yellow are complements of red, green, and blue,
respectively. When used to subtract color from white light, they are
referred to as subtractive primaries.
• Mixing in subtractive color means, that one begins in white and ends
with black. As one adds color, the results gets darker and tends to go
black.
• The subset of the Cartesian coordinate system for the CMY model is
identical to RGB except that white is the origin, rather than black.
• In the CMY model, colors are specified by what is removed (subtracted)
from white light, rather than what is added to a black screen. The CMY
system is commonly used in printing applications, with the white light
being that light reflected from paper.
• For example, when a portion of paper is coated with cyan ink, no red
light is reflected from the surface. Cyan subtracts red from the
reflected white light.
• CMYK is a variation of the CMY model used for some color output
devices and most color printing presses. K refers to the black
component of the image. The addition of black to the process is
particularly useful for printing applications, where text is almost always
printed as black.
HSV MODEL
• The HSV model [8] utilizes the intuitive
elements of hue, saturation, and value to
describe color. The coordinate system is
cylindrical.
• Hue (H) is measured by the angle around the
vertical axis,
• The top of the hexcone corresponds to V =
1, which contains the relatively bright colors.
• The value of S is a ratio ranging from 0 on
the center line (V axis) to 1 on the triangular
sides of the hexcone.