Engineering Properties of Soil

ENGINEERING PROPERTIES
OF SOIL
Prof. E.Saibaba Reddy (esreddy1101@gmail.com)
B.Tech, M.E.(Hons) Roorkee, Ph.D (Nottingham, UK)

Post Doc,(Halifax Canada), Post Doc (Birmingham UK)
&
Eadala Rakesh Reddy (rakesh.eeecs2020@gmail.com)
B.Tech (JNTUH), M.Tech (VSSUT-Gold Medal),

(Ph.D)- Andhra University-DST-Inspire Fellow
Chief Consultant- EE Engineering Construction Services
1
PERMEABILITY OF SOIL
 Permeability is defined as the property of a porous material
which permits the passage or seepage of water through its
interconnecting voids. A material having continuous voids is
called permeable.
 Gravels are highly permeable while stiff clay is the least

permeable, and hence clay may be termed impermeable for
all the practical purposes.
2
IMPORTANCE OF PERMEABILITY
 The study of seepage of water through soil is important for the
following engineering problems:
 Determination of rate of settlement of a saturated compressible soil

layer.
 Calculation of seepage through the body of earth dams and stability

of slopes.
 Calculation of uplift pressure under hydraulic structure and their

safety against piping.
 Ground water flow towards wells and drainage of soil.
3
FACTORS AFFECTING PERMEABILITY
OF SOIL
 The following factors affect the permeability of soils:
1. Particle Size
2. Void ratio of soil
3. Properties of pore fluid
4. Shape of particles
5. Structure of soil mass
6. Degree of Saturation
7. Absorbed water
8. Entrapped air and organic impurities in water.
9. Temperature
10. Stratification of Soil
4
OF SOIL
5
OF SOILS
1. Particle Size: The Permeability varies approximately as the
square of grain size. It depends on the effective Diameter of the
grain size (D 10).
2. Void Ratio: Increase in the void ratio increases the area

available for flow hence permeability increases for critical
conditions.
3. Properties of Pore Fluid: Pore fluids are fluids that occupy pore
spaces in a soil or rock. Permeability is directly proportional to
the unit weight of pore fluid and inversely proportional to
viscosity of pore fluid.
4. Shape of Particles: Permeability is inversely proportional to

specific surface e.g as angular soil have more specific surface
area compared to the round soil therefore, the soil with angular 6
particles is less permeable than soil of rounded particles.
OF SOILS
5. Structure of Soil Mass: For same void ratio the permeability
is more for flocculent structure as compared to the
dispended structure.
6. Degree of Saturation: The permeability of partially

saturated soil is less than that of fully saturated soil.
7
OF SOILS
7. Absorbed water means a thin microscopic film of water
surrounding individual soil grains. This water is not free to
move and hence, reduces the effective pore space and
thus decreases coefficient of permeability.
8. Entrapped Air and Organic Impurities: The organic

impurities and entrapped air obstruct the flow and
coefficient of permeability.
8
OF SOILS
9. Temperature: As the viscosity of the pore fluid decrease with
the temperature, permeability increases with temperature,
as unit weight of pore fluid does not change much with
change in temperature.
10. Stratification of Soil: Stratified soils are those soils which

are formed by layer upon layer of the earth or dust
deposited on each other. If the flow is parallel to the layers
of stratification the permeability is maximum while the flow
in perpendicular direction occurs with minimum
permeability.
9
DARCY’S LAW
 Darcy's law states that there is a linear relationship between flow
velocity (v) and hydraulic gradient (i) for any given saturated soil
under steady laminar flow conditions.
 If the rate of flow is q (volume/time) through cross-sectional area (A)

of the soil mass, Darcy's Law can be expressed as
10
DARCY’S LAW
 The flow velocity (v) is also called the Darcian velocity or
the superficial velocity. It is different from the actual
velocity inside the soil pores, which is known as
the seepage velocity, vS. At the particulate level, the
water follows a tortuous path through the pores. Seepage
velocity is always greater than the superficial velocity, and it
is expressed as:
 where AV = Area of voids on a cross section normal to the

direction of flow
 n = porosity of the soil
11
HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY
12
THE VALUE OF HYDRAULIC
CONDUCTIVITY
 Typical value for saturated soils are given in the
following table:
13
EMPIRICAL RELATION FOR K
14
EMPIRICAL RELATION FOR K
15
DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT OF
PERMEABILITY
 Constant Head Flow
Constant head permeameter is recommended for coarse-grained
soils only since for such soils, flow rate is measurable with adequate
precision. As water flows through a sample of cross-section area A,
steady total head drop h is measured across length L.
 Permeability k is obtained from:
16
PERMEABILITY
17
PERMEABILITY
18
PERMEABILITY
19
PERMEABILITY
20
PERMEABILITY
21
PERMEABILITY
22
FIELD TESTS FOR PERMEABILITY
 Field or in-situ measurement of permeability avoids the
difficulties involved in obtaining and setting up undisturbed
samples in a permeameter. It also provides information
about bulk permeability, rather than merely the permeability
of a small sample.
 A field permeability test consists of pumping out water from

a main well and observing the resulting drawdown surface of
the original horizontal water table from at least two
observation wells. When a steady state of flow is reached,
the flow quantity and the levels in the observation wells are
noted.
23
24
25
26
27
PERMEABILITY IN STRATIFIED SOILS
 When a soil deposit consists of a number of horizontal layers
having different permeabilities, the average value of
permeability can be obtained separately for both vertical
flow and horizontal flow, as kVand kH respectively.
 Consider a stratified soil having horizontal layers of
thickness H1, H2, H3, etc. with coefficients of
permeability k1, k2, k3, etc.
28
29
30
PERMEABILITY – PROBLEMS
31
32
33
SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOIL
34
SHEAR FAILURE OF SOILS
35
SHEAR FAILURE MECHANISM
36
SHEAR FAILURE MECHANISM
37
MOHR COULOMB FAILURE CRITERIA
(TOTAL STRESSES)
38
(EFFECTIVE STRESSES)
39
40
MOHR CIRCLE OF STRESS
41
42
43
MOHR CIRCLES & FAILURE ENVELOPE
44
45
46
ORIENTATION OF FAILURE PLANE
47
MOHR CIRCLES IN TERMS OF TOTAL
AND EFFECTIVE STRESSES
48
MOHR CIRCLES IN TERMS OF TOTAL
AND EFFECTIVE STRESSES
49
MOHR COULOMB FAILURE CRITERION
WITH MOHR STRESS CIRCLE
50
MOHR COULOMB FAILURE CRITERION
WITH MOHR STRESS CIRCLE
51
DETERMINATION OF SHEAR
STRENGTH
52
LABORATORY TESTS
53
DIRECT SHEAR STRENGTH
54
55
56
DIRECT SHEAR TEST PROCEDURE
57
ANALYSIS OF TEST RESULTS
58
DIRECT SHEAR TEST ON SANDS
STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS
59
DIRECT SHEAR TEST ON SANDS
60
DIRECT SHEAR TESTS ON CLAYS
61
INTERFACE TESTS ON DIRECT SHEAR
APPARATUS
62
TRIAXIAL SHEAR TEST
63
TRIAXIAL SHEAR TEST
64
TRIAXIAL SHEAR TEST
65
TRIAXIAL SHEAR TEST
66
TRIAXIAL SHEAR TEST
67
TYPES OF TRIAXIAL TESTS
68
TYPES OF TRIAXIAL TESTS
69
CONSOLIDATED-DRAINED TEST (CD
TEST)
70
TEST)
71
TEST)
72
TEST)
73
TEST)
74
CONSOLIDATED-DRAINED TEST
FAILURE ENVELOPES
75
CONSOLIDATED-DRAINED TEST
FAILURE ENVELOPES
76
CONSOLIDATED-UNDRAINED TEST
(CU TEST)
77
(CU TEST)
78
(CU TEST)
79
(CU TEST)
80
FAILURE ENVELOPES
81
UNCONSOLIDATED-UNDRAINED TEST
(UU TEST)
82
(UU TEST)
83
(UU TEST)
84
(UU TEST)
85
(UU TEST)
86
(UU TEST)
87
(UU TEST)
88
(UU TEST)
89
UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST
(UC TEST)
90
UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST
(UC TEST)
91
VARIOUS CORRELATIONS FOR SHEAR
STRENGTH
92
SHEAR STRENGTH OF PARTIALLY
SATURATED SOILS
93
SATURATED SOILS
94
SATURATED SOILS
95
96
TERMINOLOGY
97
COMPRESSIBILITY OF SOIL
98
COMPRESSIBILITY
99
COMPRESSIBILITY
100
CONSOLIDATION
101
CONSOLIDATION
102
CONSOLIDATION
103
CONSOLIDATION
104
CONSOLIDATION VS COMPACTION
105
CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT
106
107
108
SPRING CYLINDER MODEL
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
LABORATORY CONSOLIDATION TEST
117
118
119
120
CONSOLIDATION TEST
121
CONSOLIDATION TEST
122
CONSOLIDATION TEST
123
CONSOLIDATION TEST
124
COMPRESSIBILITY PARAMETERS
125
126
127
PRECONSOLIDATION PRESSURE
128
129
130
COEFFICIENT OF CONSOLIDATION
131
PRIMARY CONSOLIDATION
132
PRIMARY CONSOLIDATION
133
SECONDARY CONSOLIDATION
134
135
136
137
TIME RATE OF CONSOLIDATION
138
139
140
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
141
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
142
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
143
COMPACTION OF SOIL
144
PRINCIPLES OF COMPACTION
145
COMPACTION CURVE
146
OPTIMUM MOISTURE CONTENT
147
ZERO AIR VOIDS CURVE
148
FACTORS AFFECTING COMPACTION
149
GENERAL COMPACTION METHODS
150
LABORATORY COMPACTION TESTS
151
STANDARD PROCTOR COMPACTION
TEST
152
TEST
153
TEST
154
TEST
155
MODIFIED PROCTOR COMPACTION
TEST
156
COMPARISON CURVES
157
DETERMINATION OF FIELD UNIT
WEIGHT OF COMPACTION
158
SAND CONE METHOD
159
DETERMINATION OF FIELD UNIT
WEIGHT OF COMPACTION
160
VERTICAL STRESS IN SOIL DUE TO
APPLIED LOADS
161
APPLIED LOADS
162
APPLIED LOADS
163
164
165
166

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ENGINEERING PROPERTIES

B.Tech, M.E.(Hons) Roorkee, Ph.D (Nottingham, UK)

B.Tech (JNTUH), M.Tech (VSSUT-Gold Medal),

 Gravels are highly permeable while stiff clay is the least

 Determination of rate of settlement of a saturated compressible soil

 Calculation of seepage through the body of earth dams and stability

 Calculation of uplift pressure under hydraulic structure and their

 Ground water flow towards wells and drainage of soil.

2. Void Ratio: Increase in the void ratio increases the area

4. Shape of Particles: Permeability is inversely proportional to

6. Degree of Saturation: The permeability of partially

8. Entrapped Air and Organic Impurities: The organic

10. Stratification of Soil: Stratified soils are those soils which

 If the rate of flow is q (volume/time) through cross-sectional area (A)

 where AV = Area of voids on a cross section normal to the

 n = porosity of the soil

 Permeability k is obtained from:

 A field permeability test consists of pumping out water from

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