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Source Coding
• Source Coding - Code data to more efficiently represent
• the information
• – Reduces “size” of data
• – Analog - Encode analog source data into a binary format
• – Digital - Reduce the “size” of digital source data
• Channel Coding - Code data for transmission over a noisy
communication channel
• – Increases “size” of data
• – Digital - add redundancy to identify and correct errors
• – Analog - represent digital values by analog signals
COMSATS PCS
Source Coding
• A (binary) source code C for a random variable
X is a mapping from X to a (finite) binary
string.
COMSATS PCS
Prefix Coding
• Let C(x) be the codeword corresponding to x
and let L(x) denote the length of C(x).
• A code is called a prefix code or an
instantaneous code, if no codeword is a prefix
of any other codeword.
COMSATS PCS
Huffman Coding
COMSATS PCS
Efficiency=99.16%
COMSATS PCS
Efficiency=98.93%
COMSATS PCS
Assignment/Practice Questions # 2
• Do following problems from Sklar’s book:
– 13.2, 13.6, 13.7, 13.13, 13.14
13
COMSATS Fall 2016 (Rev.1.0)
Digital Modulation
COMSATS PCS
http://cp.literature.agilent.com/litweb/pdf/5965-7160E.pdf
COMSATS PCS
Constellation Diagram
http://computing.dcu.ie/~HUMPHRYS/Notes/Networks/tanenbaum/2-25.jpg
COMSATS PCS
Modulation
Modulation: the process of encoding information from a
message source in a manner suitable for transmission
Involves translating a baseband message signal to a
bandpass signal at frequencies much higher w.r.t.
baseband frequency
Modulated Signal – bandpass carrier signal
Modulating Signal – baseband message signal
Amplitude, frequency or phase a carrier signal is varied
in accordance with the amplitude of the message signal
Demodulation: the process of extracting baseband
message from the carrier
COMSATS PCS
Modulation
• Digital modulation
– digital data is translated into an analog signal (baseband)
– differences in spectral efficiency, power efficiency, robustness
• Analog modulation
– shifts center frequency of baseband signal up to the radio carrier
• Basic schemes
– Amplitude Modulation (AM)
– Frequency Modulation (FM)
– Phase Modulation (PM)
COMSATS PCS
radio
carrier
analog
baseband
digital
signal
analog synchronization data
demodulation decision 101101001 radio receiver
radio
carrier
COMSATS PCS
Digital Modulation
Digital modulation schemes – mainly used in present 2G and
future mobile radio systems
A digital modulation is a mapping from a block of log2M
bits/s to a symbol from an alphabet of M symbols
Advantages of digital modulation
Greater noise immunity
Robustness to channel impairments
Easier multiplexing of various forms of information (voice, data,
video)
Support complex signal conditioning and processing
Error detection/correction - utilization of error control codes
COMSATS PCS
Digital modulation
– very simple
– low bandwidth requirements 1 0 1
Digital Modulation
• Digital modulation is the process • Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
of modulation where an analog – Frequency of the sinusoidal is
sinusoidal signal is modulated by varied to carry Information.
the digital data.
• Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
• One or two parameters – Phase of the sinusoidal is varied
to carry Information.
(Amplitude, Frequency and
Phase) of the sinusoidal
waveforms are modified with • Quadrature Amplitude
respect to the digital data. Modulation (QAM)
– Amplitude and phase of the
sinusoidal is varied to carry
• Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) Information.
– Amplitude of the sinusoidal is
varied to carry Information.
COMSATS PCS
• 8-PSK
• Depending upon the number of – Eight phase levels represent 8
bits represented by a phase, PSK different bit combinations or symbols
has different variants known as
M-PSK.
COMSATS PCS
http://people.seas.harvard.edu/~jones/cscie129/papers/modulation_1.pdf
COMSATS PCS
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
QPSK Constellation Diagram
COMSATS PCS
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
(QAM)
• In Quadrature Amplitude 16 QAM
Modulation (QAM) both
amplitude and phase are varied
simultaneously to carry
information.
8 QAM
http://cnx.org/content/m35715/latest/graphics20.png
COMSATS PCS
32 QAM
COMSATS PCS
Digital Modulation
PB
8PSK
QPSK
Eb / N 0 [dB] 34
COMSATS PCS
Digital Modulation
Bandwidth efficiency
2-35
COMSATS PCS
Digital Modulation
Trade off between power efficiency and bandwidth efficiency
bandwidth or SNR
2-36
COMSATS PCS
Digital Modulation
Other Factors affecting choice of modulation
detection/demodulation is simple
Find Answers to
• What is Grey Coding?
• Spectral Comparison of ASK, FSK, PSK and QAM?