Penelitian kuantitatif dalam ilmu

sosial
Leo Sutrisno
Bahan diskusi para dosen FISIPOL Untan
2004

oct 2004 pertemuan dosen fisipol 1

1. Positivistic approach
Assumptions:
– theory is universal and law-like generalization are not bound to specific
context or circumstances
– commitment to an objectivity
– events have causes which are distinct and separable
– variables can be identified and defined
– knowledge can be formalized
– relationships between and among variables can be expressed
mathematically
Implementation
– the specification of hypothesis at the start of research
– attempt to remain objective and detach from the area of study
– search for invariant causal relationships
– attempt to reduce to quantified forms
Type: quantitative research (Sutrisno, 1990)
oct 2004 pertemuan dosen fisipol 2
Quantitative research

oct 2004 pertemuan dosen fisipol 3

 Quantitative research
Population sample
Statistical
analysis
Measurement
Data
Instrumentation
Hypothesis Testing
hypothesis
Atomization
result

Literatur Writing
Problem report
review
Report

explanation Presentation/p
Real world
oct 2004 pertemuan dosen fisipol ublication4
 Free will Positivistic world-view
Non-
and living
creativity things

Researcher
Cause-effect relationships

inquiry Everyday life

/ People Science
Truth

Objectivity
oct 2004 pertemuan dosen fisipol 5
 Metode penelitian kuantitatif
Percobaan
• Pre-axperimental designs
– XO
Survai XO
(Tidak ada intervensi dari peneliti - O
terhadap variabel yang menjadi • True experimental designs
sasaran) R X O
– Tanpa kelompok pembanding
R X O
• Deskribtif sederhana
R O X O
• Deskriptif korelasional
R O X O
– Dengan kelompok • Quasi-experimental designs
pembanding
XO XO XO
• Kohort
• Kasus kelola
MXO MXO

oct 2004 pertemuan dosen fisipol 6

2. Interpretive approach
• reject the belief that human behaviour is governed by general laws
• the social world can only be understood from the standpoint of the individual
actors
Assumptions:
– Events or action is explicable in term of multiple interacting factors, events, and
processes; cause and effect are mutually interdependent
– complete objectivity is extremely difficult to be attained
– the aim of inquiry is to develop understanding of individual cases
– the world is made up of tangible and intangible multifaceted realities
– the best studies is as a unified whole
– the inquiry is value-laden

oct 2004 pertemuan dosen fisipol 7

Qualitative research

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Population Qualitative research
sample
analyzing

Data Gathering
Verification &
Data clarification
Reshaping &
focusing the problem Generating
hypothesis

Literature Research Writing

conformation
review problem report

Report / story

Real world understanding Presentation /

oct 2004 pertemuan dosen fisipol
publcation 9
Interpretive world - view motive
Consensual
Researcher norms
Reason

People :

Interpretation Human behavior

Actor’s view point

deeper, more extensive,

and more systematic Truth
representation
oct 2004 pertemuan dosen fisipol 10
 THE MANY METHODS OF
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
1. Participant-Observation
2. Ethnography
3. Photography
4. Ethno-methodology
5. Dramaturgical Interviewing
6. Socio-metry
7. Natural Experiment
8. Case Study
9. Unobtrusive Measures
10. Content Analysis
11. Historiography
12. Secondary Analysis of Data
Noblit, G. W., & Hare, R. D. (1988). Meta-Ethnography:
Synthesizing Qualitative Studies. Newbury Park,
CA: Sage.

oct 2004 pertemuan dosen fisipol 11

Critical approach
assumption:
• human action is outside the conscious control of personal
agency
• it is embedded in social conditions beyond the consciousness
of the actors involved
• any interpretative explanation makes sense against a
background of social rules, practices, or belief
• research involves the reforming or re-symbolising of events
implementation
• commitment to social change
Type: Sociological perspective approach, Participative research (Peter
Reason, 1994)

oct 2004 pertemuan dosen fisipol 12

Critical approach

oct 2004 pertemuan dosen fisipol 13

Pengetahuan presentasional Pengetahuan proposional

Penyemaian gagasan

Penyajian data Penyampaian pengetahuan

proposisional
Penyampaian
Penyajian data pengetahuan
ke-2

PROSEDUR
Revisi
Rencana
Endapan
kegiatan dan
Pengalaman ke-2
pelaksanaan

Rencana
Endapan kegiatan dan
Pengalaman ke-1 pelaksanaan
Pengetahuan
oct 2004 empiris pertemuan dosen fisipol Pengetahuan praktis
14
Participatory world - view

Researcher Self- reflexive;

self- critical;
Social reality action self- aware

People : Co-subject / Understanding

Co-researcher

The integration of the truth

with love
oct 2004 pertemuan dosen fisipol 15
 Dari konsep ke indikator alat ukur
Konsep Konflik
Variabel Kecenderungan seseorang dalam menghadapi konflik
operasional menghindar kompromi kolaborasi kompetisi akomodasi

Indikator mencari Mencari Mengumpul

Mempert Mengendalik
kambing jalan kan semua
ahankan an emosinya
alat ukur
hitam tengah pendapat
pendapat
nya
Menunda Saling Perasaan Yang Saya lebih
jika ada memberika dan isu dlm utama mempertimb
yang marah n konflik tujuan, angkan
sama konflik kemarahann
Tidak suka Pasti ada Saling
penting Saya
akibat Tidak
ya mau
ketegangan kompromin mengusulka harus bertengkar
ya n jalan ke menang
Mencari Berbagi luar
Semua pokoknya Tidak
ayng suka dan berpartisipa membuat
diterima duka si orang susah
semua
Tidak risau Solusi Solusi Solusi Solusi terbaik
berbeda terbaik terbaik terbaik damai
jalan partisipasi dari saya
tengah
oct 2004 pertemuan dosen fisipol 16
 Syarat alat ukur yang baik
• Validity
– Content validity
– Construct validity
– Predictive validity
– Concurrent validity
• Reliability
– Stability: test-retest
– Parallel test / equivalent test
– Internal consistency
• Split-halves
• Objectivity
• Economy
• Simplicity of administration, scoring and interpretation

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 Ukuran sampel

• Pertanyaan awal sebelum penelitian dilaksanakan:

• • What precision is required in estimate?
• • What confidence level it should be have?
Besar sampel suatu penelitian ditetapkan berdasarkan pada beberapa
aspek di antaranya:
• jenis penelitian,
• taraf signifikansi yang digunakan,
• power dari penelitian yang dilaksanakan serta variansinya.

oct 2004 pertemuan dosen fisipol 18

 Survai tanpa kelompok pembanding
n = [4 pq] / [(α)2]  n1 = [n] / [1 + (n/N)]

n : besar sampel sementara

n1: besar sampel sesungguhnya
N : besar populasi
α : taraf signifikansi yang diinginkan
p : proporsi keadaan yang akan diamati terhadap populasi
q :1–p
Jika tidak ada data yang diketahui dengan pasti harga p diasumsikan sebesar
50%, dan q = 50% juga
Azrul Azwar dan Joedo Prihartono 1987 Metodologi
Penelitian kedokteran dan kesehatan masyarakat
Jakarta: Bina Aksara
oct 2004 pertemuan dosen fisipol 19
 Survai dengan kelompok pembanding
n = [ {1.96 √ (PQ)} + {0.842 (√ p1q1 + p2q2)}]2 / (p2-p1) 2

P = (p1 + p2) / 2 dan Q = 1 – P

n : besar sampel
p1: proporsi keadaan yang menjadi sasaran penelitian
p2: proporsi keadaan yang sama dengan yang diteliti pada
kelompok pembanding.
Catatan: rumus ini berlaku jika alpha 5%, dan powernya
80%
Azrul Azwar dan Joedo Prihartono 1987 Metodologi Penelitian kedokteran dan
kesehatan masyarakat Jakarta: Bina Aksara

oct 2004 pertemuan dosen fisipol 20

 Penelitian percobaan
Perbedaan antara rata-rata kelompok percobaan dan
Banyak kelompok pembanding (dalam SD)
kelompok 0.53 0.75 1.00 1.25

2 62 29 17 12

3 78 35 20 14

4 88 40 23 16

5 96 43 25 17

6 105 47 27 18

7 110 50 29 19

8 117 52 30 20

Hinkle dan Oliver (dalam Leo Sutrisno, 1992) menyajikan sebuah tabel besar sampel
untuk Power = 0.80 dan alpha = 5%.
oct 2004 pertemuan dosen fisipol 21
 Data
Data are not inherently quantitative, and can be bits and pieces of
almost anything. They do not necessarily have to be expressed in
numbers. Frequency distributions and probability tables don't
have to be used. Data can come in the form of words, images,
impressions, gestures, or tones which represent real events or
reality as it is seen symbolically or sociologically (If people believe
things to be real, they are real in their consequences - the Thomas
Dictum). Qualitative research uses unreconstructed logic to get at
what is really real -- the quality, meaning, context, or image of
reality in what people actually do, not what they say they do (as on
questionnaires). Unreconstructed logic means that there are no
step-by-step rules, that researchers ought not to use prefabricated
methods or reconstructed rules, terms, and procedures that try to
make their research look clean and neat (as in journal
publications).

oct 2004 pertemuan dosen fisipol 22

 Memahami data:
Kuantifikasi data
Data mentah
Data kontak jodoh Pertanyaan:
Bujangan, Keturunan Tionghoa, 30,
180/75, Katolik, S1, karyawan, wajah 2. Variabel yang berbentuk
menarik, setia, jujur, tidak
minum/merokok, komunikatif, Jakarta. bilangan: ….
Mendambakan gadis,
Katolik/Kristen/Budha, Min D3, 3. Variabel yang tidak
kepribadian baik, siap nikah berbentuk bilangan: ….
Janda, Jawa, Suami meninggal, anak satu
(11), 44, 153/55, Islam taat, SLTA, 4. Cara mengubah variabel
wiraswasta, wajah tidak
mengecewakan, rumah sendiri, yang tidak berbentuk
penyayang, humoris, setia, serius, siap
nikah, cirebon. Merindukan
bilangan menjadi
jejaka/duda, tanpa anak, 40-45, variabel yang berbentuk
165/60,islam taat tapi tidak fanatik,
SLTA, kerja mapan, wajah lumayan, bilangan: …..
setia, jujur, sabar, tidak
minum/judi,penyayang, serius, siap
nikah

oct 2004 pertemuan dosen fisipol 23

Klasifikasi data
kuatitatif
rasio
interval •tanda
ordinal • tanda •urutan
nominal • tanda • urutan •interval
• tanda • urutan • interval •rasio

Nomor ranking Suhu berat

rumah
3 3 3
3 2 2
2 1 1
2
relatif 0
1 1 0 mutlak
Klasifikankan data kontak jodoh!
oct 2004 pertemuan dosen fisipol 24
 Langkah-langkah uji statistik
• 1 Menetapkan hipotesis nol
• 2 Memilih Statistik yang cocok
• 3 Menetapkan Taraf signifikansi
• 4 Menetapkan bentuk distribusi sampel
• 5 Menetapkan daerah penolakan hopitesis
• Menghitung
• 7 Memutuskan
(S. Seigel, 1997. Statistik nonparametrik untuk ilmu-ilmu
sosial. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Bab 2 hal 9-19)

oct 2004 pertemuan dosen fisipol 25

Deskriptif Statistika
Populasi
Ukuran lokasi Data
Ukuran 2. Nominal Sampel
penyebaran 3. Ordinal
Korelasi & 4. Interval
Regresi Inferensial 5. Rasio

Binomial Saling Saling Saling Saling

Run bebas berhubungan bebas berhubungan
Chi kuadrat Fisher McNemar Friedman Chohran
Kolmo-S Chi kuadrat Tanda, Wals Chi kuadrat Anova
Uji-Z U-mann Wh. Wilcoxon Kruskhal-W. Ancova
Uji-t Kontigensi Kendall Anova
Uji-z Uji-z, Uji-t Ancova
Uji-t

oct 2004 pertemuan dosen fisipol 26

 Rangkuman tes statistik dasar
Skala data
nominal Ordinal Interval Rasio
Contoh Nomor rumah Hasil lomba Suhu Berat
Satu Binomial; Kolmogorov-smirnov; Beda rataan: uji-t; uji-z
chi-kuadrat; run chi-kuadrat; median Proporsi; anova
Dua saling bebas Eksaks Fisher; U Mann-whitney; Beda rataan: uji-t; uji-z
(diambil dari Chi-kuadrat; Kolmogorv-smirnov; Korelasi Spearman-
responden yang Beda %; Kontigensi C; Brown
berbeda atau yang Lamda; Phi Korelasi ranking
tidak berpasangan
Dua saling McNemar; Ranking bertanda Beda rataan: uji-t; uji-z
Banyak berhubungan Tanda; Wilxocon; walsh; Korelasi Spearman-
variabel (diambil dari Chi-kuadrat Korelasi Spearman; Brown; regresi;
responden yang Korelasi Kendall Analisis trend
sama atau yang
berpasangan)
K saling bebas Analisis Friedman; Kruskhal-wallis; Anova
chi kuadrat Median Pengamatan
K saling Q- Chohran; Analisis Friedman tunggal ;
berhubungan pengamatan
berulang
Ancova

oct 2004 pertemuan dosen fisipol 27

 Statistical significance?
Populassi

Sampel

cost
Effect size
Data

Socio-cultural Practical
Statistical
significance
analysis sgnificance

Statistical
significance

oct 2004 pertemuan dosen fisipol 28

 some ways of doing Integrating Results Across Qualitative
Studies
• Portray: Map out analogous and disparate themes, metaphors and
concepts found among the studies. Identify gaps.
• Trace History: Describe how earlier results inspired further research
and new results.
• Categorize: Sort studies by their conceptual frameworks,
methodology, or interventions, and see if the results are more
consistent within each category.
• Summarize: Translate the themes, metaphors, and concepts into
subsuming ones that are common to a set or sub-set of the studies.
• Undermine: Identify important contradictions obscured by the rich
description of the studies.
• Synthesize: Use a grounded theory approach to put the similarities and
differences of the results into an interpretive order.

oct 2004 pertemuan dosen fisipol 29

In lieu of reliability and validity standards in quantitative
studies, qualitative studies use a different set of standards
such as those defined by Marshall and Rossman (1989):
• Credibility—accurate identification and description
• Transferability—generalizability of findings
• Dependability—accounting for changes in the
phenomenon of study
• Confirmability—degree of objectivity
• Utilization/application/action orientation—findings
have value for practitioners
In addition, qualitative studies use triangulation to help ensure an
accurate portrayal of the findings. The use of multiple sources
provides one level of triangulation. In addition, a panel of three
experts was asked to review the findings. They recommended a
few minor changes that were consistent with the findings. These
were incorporated into the statement of the findings.
The methodology uses a constant comparative technique whereby
new additions are compared to previous information to
determine a point of stability. In comparing multiple sources, one
must decide how many
oct 2004 pertemuan dosen fisipol 30
Unsur-unsur metodis penelitian kualitatif: interpretasi
Umum
Komparasi
•Heuristika
wawasan •Perumusan
sistematis
•Penyedikian asumsi
Historis dasar
•Pencarian alternatif
•Perhatian bagi
inkonsistensi
•Kepekaan bagi
masalah-masalah

Deskripsi Bahasa inklusif dan analogal

oct 2004 pertemuan dosen fisipol 31

 Bingkai penelitian ilmu sosial dan humaniora
Paradigma Positivisme/ Interpretive/ Critical
Kuantitatif kualitatif approach /
partisipatif
type ds t t p s ds t t p s d t t p S
r k r i r k r i s r k r i
Strategi Konflik
riset sosial
nasional
Hubungan
pusat -
daerah
Dampak
Ipteks

ds:dasar, tr: terapan, tk: teknologi,

pr: produksi, si: sistem informasi

oct 2004 pertemuan dosen fisipol 32

 Khas Kehidupan masyarakat
Kalbar adat yang masih inten

Berbatasan dengan
negara lain yang mirip
Globalisasi
Pengelola-
Perubahan pola hidup: annya?
1. Homogen – heterogen Dampak-
Teknologi nya?
2. Pinggir sungai – pinggir
jalan darat
Pemanfaat-
annya?
Ilmu Spektrum kehidupan etnis
pengetahuan Tionghoa yang sama dengan
etnis lain
oct 2004 pertemuan dosen fisipol 33