Technical Drawing CH 04

GEOMETRIC
CONSTRUCTION
CHAPTERFOUR
OBJECTIVES
1. Identify the geometry that makes up basic 2D

drawings.
2. Use board drafting or 2D CAD skills to create

technical
figures.
3. Describe the advantages of CAD contrasted with

drawing with manual instruments
Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 14/e © 2012, 2009, 2003, Pearson Higher Education,
Giesecke, Hill, Spencer, Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart, Goodman Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
2
GEOMETRY REVIEW
• Triangles
• Quadrilaterals
• Polygons
• Circles
• Arcs
3
BISECTING A LINE OR
CIRCULAR ARC
Compass system
Triangle and T-Square System
4
BISECTING A LINE WITH TRIANGLE
AND T-SQUARE
From endpoints A and B, draw construction lines at 30°, 45°, or 60° with the
given line. Then, through their intersection, C, draw a line perpendicular to
the given line to locate the center D…
5
Triangles
Inclined lines can be drawn at standard angles with the 45° triangle
and the 30° x 60° triangle. The triangles are transparent so that
you can see the lines of the drawing through them. A useful
combination of triangles is the 30° x 60° triangle with a long side of
10" and a 45° triangle with each side 8" long.
6
Any Angle in 15° Increments
With only a 30° x
60° triangle and a
45° triangle, you
can draw
any angle in 15°
increments
The bottom
of the triangle in
each case is resting
on the blade of the
T-square. Twenty-four
15° sectors are possible
with just these two
triangles used singly or in
combination.
7
Protractors
For measuring or setting off angles other than those obtainable
with triangles, use a protractor.
Plastic protractors are

satisfactory for most
angular measurements
Nickel silver protractors are

available when high accuracy
is required
8
ANGLES…
BISECTING AN ANGLE
TRANSFERRING AN
ANGLE
9
DRAWING A LINE PARALLEL TO A
LINE AND AT A GIVEN DISTANCE
T-square Method For Curves
10
DRAWING A LINE THROUGH A POINT
AND PERPENDICULAR TO A LINE
When the Point Is Not on the Line When the Point Is on the Line T-square Method
11
TRIANGLES…
DRAWING A TRIANGLE
WITH SIDES GIVEN
DRAWING A RIGHT
TRIANGLE WITH
HYPOTENUSE AND ONE
SIDE GIVEN
12
LAYING OUT AN ANGLE
• Tangent Method
• Sine Method
• Chord Method
Many angles can be laid out directly with the triangle or

protractor.
13
DRAWING AN EQUILATERAL
TRIANGLE
Alternative Method
14
DRAWING A SQUARE
• T-square Method
• Diameters Method
• Inscribed Circle Method
You can use the AutoCAD Polygon

command to draw squares. The
Rectangle command is another
quick way to make a square in
AutoCAD.
15
DRAWING A REGULAR PENTAGON
Dividers Method Geometric Method
16
DRAWING A HEXAGON
Each side of a hexagon is equal to the radius of the
circumscribed circle
Use a compass
Centerline Variation
Steps
17
Drawing an Octagon
Given an inscribed circle, or Given a circumscribed square, (the

distance “across flats”, use a T- distance “across flats”) draw the
square or straightedge and a 45° diagonals of the square. Then, use the
triangle to draw the eight sides corners of the square as centers and
tangent to the circle. half the diagonal as the radius to draw
arcs cutting the sides
18
FINDING THE CENTER OF A CIRCLE
This method uses the principle that any right triangle inscribed
in a circle cuts off a semicircle.
Another method, slightly longer, is to reverse the procedure. Draw

two nonparallel chords and draw perpendicular bisectors. The
intersection of the bisectors will be the center of the circle.
19
DRAWING TANGENTS TO TWO
CIRCLES AutoCAD software provides
a convenient object snap for
finding tangency.
20
DRAWING AN ARC TANGENT TO A
LINE OR ARC
AND THROUGH A POINT
Tangents
21
DRAWING AN ARC TANGENT TO TWO
LINES AT RIGHT ANGLES
For small radii, such as 1/8R for fillets and rounds, it is not
practicable to draw complete tangency constructions.
Instead, draw a 45° bisector of the angle and locate the
center of the arc by trial along this line
22
LINES AT ACUTE OR
OBTUSE ANGLES
23
DRAWING AN ARC TANGENT TO AN
ARC AND A STRAIGHT LINE
24
ARCS
25
Drawing an Arc Tangent to Two Arcs and
Enclosing One or Both
26
DRAWING AN OGEE CURVE
Connecting Two Parallel Lines Connecting Two Nonparallel Lines
27
THE CONIC SECTIONS
The conic sections are curves produced by planes intersecting a right
circular cone.
Four types of curves are produced: the circle, ellipse,

parabola, and hyperbola, according to the position of the
planes.
28
DRAWING A FOCI ELLIPSE
29
DRAWING A CONCENTRIC CIRCLE
ELLIPSE
If a circle is viewed with the line of sight perpendicular to
the plane
of the circle…
…the circle will appear as a circle, in true size and

shape
30
DRAWING A PARALLELOGRAM
ELLIPSE
The intersection of like-numbered lines will be points on the ellipse. Locate

points in the remaining three quadrants in a similar manner. Sketch the ellipse
lightly through the points, then darken the final ellipse with the aid of an
irregular curve.
31
ELLIPSE TEMPLATES
These ellipse guides are usually designated by the ellipse angle,
the angle at which a circle is viewed to appear as an ellipse.
32
Irregular Curves
The curves are largely successive segments of geometric
curves, such as the ellipse, parabola, hyperbola, and
involute.
33
DRAWING AN APPROXIMATE ELLIPSE
For many purposes, particularly where a small ellipse is required,
use the approximate circular arc method.
34
DRAWING A PARABOLA
The curve of intersection between a right circular cone and a plane
parallel to one of its elements is a parabola.
35
DRAWING A HELIX
A helix is generated by a point moving around and along the
surface of a cylinder or cone with a uniform angular velocity about
the axis, and with a uniform linear velocity about the axis, and with
a uniform velocity in the direction of the axis
36
DRAWING AN INVOLUTE
An involute is the path of a point on a string as the string unwinds
from a line, polygon, or circle.
37
DRAWING A CYCLOID
A cycloid is generated by a point P on the circumference of a
circle that rolls along a straight line
Cycloid
38
DRAWING AN EPICYCLOID OR A
HYPOCYCLOID
Like cycloids, these curves are used to form the outlines of certain gear teeth and are
therefore
of practical importance in machine design.
39

Technical Drawing CH 04

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GEOMETRIC

1. Identify the geometry that makes up basic 2D

2. Use board drafting or 2D CAD skills to create

3. Describe the advantages of CAD contrasted with

Plastic protractors are

Nickel silver protractors are

T-square Method For Curves

Many angles can be laid out directly with the triangle or

You can use the AutoCAD Polygon

Dividers Method Geometric Method

Given an inscribed circle, or Given a circumscribed square, (the

Another method, slightly longer, is to reverse the procedure. Draw

Connecting Two Parallel Lines Connecting Two Nonparallel Lines

Four types of curves are produced: the circle, ellipse,

…the circle will appear as a circle, in true size and

The intersection of like-numbered lines will be points on the ellipse. Locate

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