HEALTH

INFORMATICS
(An Illustrative Approach)
 Section 1
COMPUTERS AND
THE HEALTH
PROFESSIONALS
Chapter 1
Computers and
the Health
Professionals
MANUAL HEALTH CARE SYTEM
Advantages
 Easy to implement
 Low Cost
 No extra training required
 Requires minimum training
 Quick Processing
 Can be stored anywhere
 Easy to prepare
 Data profiling can be processed
easily
 Readiness of Data
Disadvantages
Problem with maintenance
Storage problem
Problem with interpretation /
transcription
Data is not converted easily to
information
Coordination of data and
information is a problem
Data handling is a problem
COMPUTER INFORMATION SYSTEM
Advantages
 Data maintenance
 Volume of data is not a issue
 No paper is required
 No problem with
interpretation / transcription
 Data handling is easy
 Data communication is possible
 Can be expanded
 Easy data profiling
Disadvantages
Implementation requires severe
justification
High starting cost
Requires training for nursing
and healthcare giver
Additional manpower is
necessary
Special storage is necessary
Information management is
essential
Health Informatics
 Is the integration of
information science,
health science,
computer science and
cognitive science.
Chapter 2
Health
Information
System
 Fundamentals of Health Information
System and Information Management
Automatic searching of parallel records for medically
ill person and critical medical information
Automatic searching of nationwide databases holding
registries of patients with critical problem
Patient care management, record and monitoring
Exchange of medical data
Interactive medical education
Physician decision making
Produce a large variety of analyses on data
DATA MANAGEMENT COMPONENT
Data categories Administration of Information
 Clinical data Strategic Planning
 Demographic data System Planning
 Statistical data Integration of Information
 Financial data Maintenance of Information
 References Manage Quality and Quantity
 Research data of Information
 Epidemiology data Organize process and
procedures
Prepare Information
dissemination
Health Information Officer Resource Information
 Process information Ownership of information
 Retrieve data Information Structure
 Store data Content of Information
 Perform statistical Component of data
calculation Information Appropriateness
 Manipulate data Correctness of data
 Analyze data Reliability of data
 Secure data
Chapter 3
Statistical
Information
System
 Statistical Information System
Processing System
A data processing system with integrated
statistical method for automatically
performing diagnoses from patient
assessment data. The relation between
diagnoses and patient characteristics are
also included in the system with each such
relation having corresponding index
computed using historical data with
established probability measure.
Chapter 4
National Health
Information
System : In
Perspective
 Implementing the National Health
Information Infrastructure
The senate has already initiated the
implementation of national health
infrastructure through the development of
hospital information technology. National
Health Information System links all
practices and health practitioners as well as
students in the country through the use of
computer-based communication channels.
 National Health Information in
Perspective
The ideal objective of the National Health
Information System is to integrate all related
systems of medical institutions, hospitals, clinics,
health agencies, general public, physicians,
research agencies, pharmaceutical company,
insurances, industries and commerce, government
offices, non-government institutions, private,
health science institutions, practitioners related to
health and medical services, other agencies, etc.
Chapter 5
Patient
Information
System
 Patient Information
Management System
There is glowing realization that the more widespread
use of information technology to increase efficiency
and effectiveness of data handling and processing of
patient, in addition, there is also a need synchronized
the patient data to other hospital or agency for
awareness of an outbreak of a disease. The patient
information management system could do much to
improve the performance of the health care system ,
within the bounds of appropriate measures to protect
the confidentiality of private health records.
Section 2
COMPUTER
SYSTEMS
Chapter 6
Computer
Hardware
What is Computer?
A special machine that performs tasks, such
as calculations, data processing and
handling, electronic communication etc,
under the control of a set of instructions
called a program. Programs usually reside
within the computer and are retrieve and
processed by the computer’s electronic
system.
Four main functions of Computer
Accepts data
Processes data
Produces output
Stores results
 Main Components of a Typical Computer
Central Processing Unit ( CPU)
Memory
Random-access memory (RAM)
Read-only memory (ROM)
Basic input/output system (BIOS)
Caching
Virtual Memory
Motherboard
Power Supply
Hard Disk
Operating System
Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) Controller
Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Bus
SCSI
AGP
Sound Card
Graphic Cards
Types of Computers
Digital
Analog
Basic Computer Communication Types
Data Communications
Telecommunications
Teleprocessing
Chapter 7
Computer
Software
and System
Computer Software
Is a collective term in information technology used to
describe function or the contribution of the sets of
commands, procedures in computer system.
Types of Software
System Software
Programming Software
Application Software
Software
The software is the information that the computer
uses to get the job done. Software needs to be
accessed before it can be used there are many
terms used for process of accessing software
including running, executing, starting up,
opening, and others.
Computer programs allow users to complete tasks.
A program can also be referred to as an application
and the two words are used interchangeably.
Computer Network
Is a group of interconnected computer systems. A
computer network is an interconnection of various
computer systems located at different places. In
computer network two or more are linked together
with a medium and data communication devices
for the purpose of communicating data and
sharing resources. Networks may be classified
according to wide variety of characteristics, which
are categorized according to basic components of a
network.
Types of Computer Networks
Personal Area Network (PAN)
Local Area Network (LAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Network Topology
Refers to the way the computers or work stations in
the network are linked together according to the
physical arrangements of work stations and nature of
work.

TYPES OF NETWORK TOPOLOGY

 Star Topology
 Bus Topology
 Ring Topology
Chapter 8
Open Source
and
Freeware
Open ware
Open source technically means that the application
software is free to users as well as programmers.

Free ware
(free software), the source code is not readily accessible,
as such does not guarantee compatibility to the system
Share ware
You can download and try the shareware for free but, if
you use it, you are supposed to pay for it
Chapter 9
Computer
Data
Processing
Computer Data Processing
Is defined as any computing process that transforms
patient and healthcare data into information or
knowledge necessary for the medication use process

Data
Is defined as the characters that represent measure or
that can be quantifiable from observable condition
such as dimension, amount, capacity, height, weight,
length, or any number, etc.
Experimental Data and Survey Data
An experiment data involves collection of
measurements or observations about
populations that are treated or controlled by
the experimenter. A survey, in contrast to an
experiment, is an examination of a system in
operation in which the investigator does not
have an opportunity to assign different
conditions to the object of the study.
Advantages of Survey
Its is an efficient way of collecting information
from a large number of respondents
Surveys are flexible in the sense that a wide range
of information can be collected
Free from errors
They are relatively easy to administer
There is an economy in data collection
Maximization of time
Disadvantage of Survey
They depend on subject motivation, honesty,
memory , and ability to respond
Low validity of results
Errors due to non-response
Vague data sheets
Non – conclusive results due to choice of data
Chapter 10
Resources from
the Internet
The Internet
Carries an enormous collection of information
resources and services that change the life style of the
humanity. Internet is global systems that are
interconnected by a computer system , thru the
network, that uses the standard internet protocol
Chapter 11
Computer-Based
Clinical
Decision
Support System
Understanding the System
Health informatics is a collective term
for the study of how health care data is
acquired, communicated, stored, and
managed, and how it is processed and
transformed into information and then
translated to knowledge
Decision Complexity
Time-limited decision-making activity -
Nurses described situations in which rapid
decisions were expected, consequently,
opportunities for seeking information
beyond what was readily available were
perceived as severely restricted.
 Section 3
ISSUES IN
HEALTH
INFORMATICS
Chapter 12
Health
Informatics and
Healthcare
Policy Issue
NURSING INFORMATION SYSTEM (NIS)
Are computer systems that manage clinical data
form a variety of healthcare environments, and
made available in a timely and orderly fashion to
nurses in improving patient care.
NURSING INFORMATIC
Is a specialty that integrates nursing science,
computer science, and information science to
manage and communicate data, information, and
knowledge in nursing practice.
Chapter 13
The Role of
Technology in
the Medication
Process
Technology and Healthcare Industry
The implementation of information
technology in the hospital and clinic
through hospital and clinical information
system to enhance the efficiency of health
care delivery increasingly recognized in
many countries as essential tool in
improving patient care
HANDWRITTEN PRESCRIPTION
Disadvantages Advantages
 Problem with interpretation / Easy to implement
transcription Low cost
 Data is not converted easily to No extra training required
information Requires minimum effort
 Susceptible to error Quick processing
 Mistakes can cascade and
lead to loss of lives
COMPUTERIZED PRESCRIPTION
Disadvantages
 Implementation requires
severe justification
 High starting cost
 Requires training for nursing
and healthcare giver
 Requires additional effort to
implement
 Additional manpower is
necessary
Advantages
No paper is required
No problem with
interpretation/transcription
Data can be converted easily
to information
Accessibility to any
healthcare personnel and
accessibility to any healthcare
institution
Chapter 14
The Need for
Healthcare
Standards
 The need to Establish Health Informatics
Standards
The health care setting in the Philippines is
customarily dependent on the establish systems and
procedures and consisting of freely independent
systems. There is a very little coordination and sharing
of data between inpatient care and outpatient care,
thus it creates diversity in healthcare care process.
Within the inpatient setting, the clinical environment
is divided into other specialties have done.
 Structured versus Un-
Structured Standards
Not coordinated
Not integrated
Non traceable
No pattern
Not synchronized
Cannot be easily updated
Problem with compatibility
Data integrity is at risk
Difficult to manage, etc.
Other Structure that Should
be Standardize
Standard Data File Path
Standard Data Repository
Standard Data warehouse folder, tables and
section process
Standard Data Content, Message and
Report
Chapter 15
Electronic
Health
Record
 Electronic Health Record
With an increasing number of popular together
with the past face technology an immediate
process should be incorporated in the medical
health system to facilitate the daily activity of the
health officer. Electronic health records also
known as electronic medical records or
computerized patient records, are found more
useful when the number of data being process are
highly prioritized and/or large data are being
stored.
An electronic health record should contain
important data such as,
Patient profile
Results of medical examination
Medical history
Development of health condition and status
Results of laboratory test
Information about the patient’s sickness
Medicine taken and its compatibility with drug
interaction
Records of appointments
Billing records
Chapter 16
Dependability
of Health
Information
System
DEPENDABLE SYSTEM
Is the measure of the reliability, integrity and
performance of the system. Dependability as applied
to computer system is defined as the trustworthiness
of a computing system which allows reliance to be
justifiably placed on the service it delivers.

Factor That Affects Dependability of System

There are three main fact0rs that potentially affect the
dependability of the system, causing integrity,
reliability and performance of the system to
significantly drop.
ERROR FAULT FAILURE
Chapter 17
Minimum Data
Set
What is Minimum Data Set(MDS) ?
The minimum data set provides the specific reference
information for the user such as the drug uses, dosage
requirement, and direction for use, active ingredients,
dates and other relevant information.

The Minimum Data Set (MDS) encompasses three

categorical scheme or elements which includes the
following:
Health Care Elements
Diagnosis
Intervention
Outcome
Care Intensity

Patient Demographic Elements

Personal identification
Date of birth
Sex
Nationality
Residence
Service Elements
Unique facility or agency number elements
Unique patient health record number
Unique number of principle Registered Nurse
Episode Admission
Discharge or termination date
Disposition of patient
Expected payer for medical bill
 Section 4
HEALTH INFORMATICS
THEORY AND
PRACTICES
Chapter 18
Theories,
Models and
Frameworks
Information System in Healthcare Industry
Informatics is the science of information, the
practice of information processing, and the
engineering of information system. Informatics
studies the structure, algorithms, behavior, and
interactions of natural and artificial systems that
store, process, access and communicate
information. It also develops its own conceptual
and theoretical foundations and utilizes
foundations developed in other fields.
Components of Health Informatics
Data
Information
Knowledge
Characteristics of Data Quality
Data Relevancy
Legality of Data Collection
Data Comprehensiveness
Data Appropriateness
Data Timeliness
Data Consistencies and Data Uniqueness
Chapter 19
Clinical and
Hospital
Information
System
 CLINICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM
A Clinical Information System (CIS) is
a computer based system that is
designed for collecting, storing,
manipulating, and making available
clinical information important to the
healthcare delivery process
The ultimate objective of the clinical and hospital
information system is to build a network of
independent centers such as the Medical Support
System (MSS), Pharmacy Information System
(PIS), Laboratory Information System (LIS),
Patient Monitoring System (PMS), Nursing
Information System (NIS), Dietary Information
System (DIS), Operating Room System (ORS),
Facilities Management System (FMS), etc. that are
linked with other systems such as Building
Management System (BMS), Information
Management System (IMS), Financial
Management System (FMS), etc.
 Section 5
PRACTICE
APPLICATION
Chapter 20
Practice
Application
 Health Information Process
The health information process is a patient-
centered and goal oriented process by which
nurses deliver effective care to patients
which involve assessment, diagnosis,
planning, implementation, and evaluation
Standard Health Information Protocol
Assessment

Diagnosis

Planning

Implementation

Evaluation
Chapter 21
Critical Care
Application
Critical Care Application
Critical Care is an area of expertise within the health
professions that focus specifically with human
responses to life-threatening problems.

Critical Care Information System

The Medical Information Bus (MIB) provides a
generalized method of attaching patient monitoring
devices to a common interface. This interface converts
the unique manufacturer data communications protocol
in a standardized hardware and software system.
Chapter 22
Ambulatory Care
Application
Ambulatory Care Information System
Ambulatory care covers a wide range of health care
services that are provided for patients who are not
admitted overnight to a hospital. These services
are performed at outpatient clinics, urgent care
centers, emergency rooms, ambulatory or same-
day surgery centers, diagnostic and imaging
centers, primary care centers, community health
centers, occupational health centers, mental
health clinics and group practices.
Chapter 23
Community
Health
Application
Community Health Informatics
Population-level informatics has its own
special treatment, systems, issues, and
deliberation. Creating information systems
at the population level, from a development
perspective in somewhat difficult due to a
very large number of resources, data
elements, diverse parameters, components,
and information content.
 Advantages of Integration of Community
Health Systems
Consistent exchange of response
Disease Tracking
Data and information Sharing
Building strategies
Early detection and monitoring of disease and sickness
Control of spread of disease
National Alertness and preparedness
Building strong communication
Maintaining strong relation between nurses and other health
care provider
Effective management of data and information