SOCIAL
a) Marriage and the Family
i. Nature of Marriage
ii. Nature of Family
iii. Basic functions of the Family
iv. Changes in the Family
v. Resulting changes in the family due to
rapid changes in the new millennium
b) Family Disorganization
i. Forms of family disorganization
ii. Marital conflict
iii. Family violence
iv. Alternate family forms
v. Child abuse
vi. Illegitimacy
i. OFWs and their effects on the family
a) Social Values and Social
Conscience
i. Meaning of values
ii. Importance of the study of values
iii. Classification of values
iv. Identification of values operative in a
society
v. Re-examining the Philippine Values
System
b) Human Rights
i. History of Human Rights
ii. Human rights and the rights of the
society
iii. Types and components of HR
iv. General forms of HR violations
v. Legal and Peace documents
A. MARRIAGE AND THE
FAMILY
What is family?
- “basic social institution, from which the others
have grown as increasing cultural complexity made
them necessary” (Horton & Hurton, 1984)
- Marriage is a connected factor of the family.
-Family became a product of marriage since the
natural consequences of marital relations is the
birth and care of children.

NATURE OF MARRIAGE
Different Concepts of Marriage
Legal POV
- considers marriage as a
contract between a man and a
woman to live together as
husband and wife for the
discharge of the duties they
legally assume to each other
and to the community
institution admitting a man
and woman to family life, that
is, to living in the intimate
personal relations of husband
and wife for the primary
purpose of begetting and
rearing children
Religious POV (catholic)
- Marriage is a sacrament
(sacred institution) whose
main purpose is to create,
rear and educated children
and to maintain a
permanent social
relationship with mutual
responsibility to each
spouse.
- Marriage is unbreakable
MARRIAGE CUSTOMS
1. THE SELECTION OF MARRIAGE MATES

- selection of a mate is by mutual consent (United States &

countries of Europe)
- some parents select the wives for their sons (Korea, Japan,
China & Philippines)
- some forms of parental arrangement exists, although
somehow the young people manage to influence their parent’s
choice.
-in extremes cases, such marriage arrangements may be made
at birth of the child.

*this pattern is changing, however, and the trend today is for

young to choose their mates, although parental influences is still
very strong and parental approval is highly desirable.
Incest taboos
- found in almost all cultures.
- marriage between persons related by
blood to the fourth degree is disapproved.
Endogamy
- when one is allowed to marry within his
group only, that is, he marries one of his
own race, religion, social class, or locality.
Exogamy
- he allowed to marry outside his group.
2. THE NUMBER OF MARRIAGE SPOUSES

Forms of Marriage
Monogamy – refers to the marriage of one male to one female
at any given time.

Polygamy – is plural marriage, the practice of marrying more

than one mate.
2 kinds of polygamy
a. polygyny – marriage of one male to more than one
female
b. polyandry – marriage of one female to more than one
male

Group Marriage – marriage of several men and several

 MUSLIM FILIPINOS Polygyny
SULTAN AND DATUS Allowed a plurality of wives
although the common man
may have not more than four
wives.
THE TREND TODAY monogamy

CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (1950) – provides that 25

years after its implementation, only monogamous marriage
will be allowed.

*however, in recognition and respect for the religious views

of the Muslim Filipinos, former President Ferdinand E. Marcos
issued Presidential Decree No. 1083 – under the Code of
Muslim Law rescinding their provision and allowing the
Muslim to retain their marriage custom according to their
religion.
THE NATURE OF THE FAMILY

Family
VARIATIONS FROM CULTURE
TO CULTURE
1. VARIATIONS IN THE SELECTION OF RESIDENCE
A. Matrilocal system – married couples is required to take up
residence with the bride’s parents.
B. Patrilocal system – married couples reside in the groom’s
home.
C. Neolocal – married couples sets up residence apart from the
family of either bride or groom.
2. VARIATIONS IN TRACING DESCENT
A. Matrilineal descent – requires the children to trace their
family line to the mother and mother’s kin.
B. Patrilineal descent – descent is traced through the father
and kinship relations.
3. Variations in the locality of authority
2 Types of Family
a. Equalitarian Family – husband and wife both exercise almost
equal authority over the children. Such equality of authority
and responsibility is prevalent among families where both
father and mother work outside home.
b. Matricentric Family – the mother is the center of the family.
This dominance is largely the result of the father’s commuting to
the downtown area of work. Most of the time and throughout the day
the mother organizes the activities at home.
4. The composition of the family
Type of the family:
a. Extended family – head of the family may be the oldest male with
the highest statues. As head, he has the final authority; however he may
transfer his power and authority to the oldest son because of his physical
disability or by virtue of the son’s personality, ability or achievement.
- referred as “consanguineal family” – which emphasizes
importance of blood relations (kinship)
b. Nuclear family – composed of the father, mother and their
children.
- also referred to as the “conjugal family”
5. Variation due to origin
2 types of families:
a. family of orientation – family into which he is born and
reared.
b. family of procreation – family which he begets children
and has the responsibilities of providing for them.
 BASIC FUNCTIONS OF THE
1.
FAMILY
biological function – concerned with the regulation of sexual
behavior and reproduction. Within the family, sex is controlled and
regulated. “incest taboo” is universal. Cultural controls are defined for
the welfare of the family; restrictions on sex behavior.
2. Affectional function – family promotes companionship and provides
a mutual expression of affection and response.
3.Socialization function – family is the most effective factor in the
association of the individual. It is in the intimate relationship within the
family that the young develop their personality and acquire the bases of
understanding what is right and wrong.
4. Status function – the child acquires the social status of his family.
The family into which one is born has already acquired a “social position”
in the community, based on the quality of behavior and participation in
 BASIC FUNCTIONS OF THE
5.
FAMILY
Economic function – everyone wants security. Children are
dependent on their parents for support until they acquire a means of
livelihood that is adequate for their needs.
6. Recreational function – the play and recreational life of the child is
largely home- oriented, as he grows up, the neighborhood, the school,
the peer group, and the commercial outlets compete for his leisure-
time activities.
7. Social Control function – family relationships are not free of social
controls. Pressures are exerted upon the members to conform to certain
standards or norms of behavior. Family regulates social contacts and
experiences of the young. Usually the presence of a hierarchy of
authority based on the age places responsibility for disciplining the
children on the whole family.
 CHANGES IN THE FAMILY
1. Industrialization – brought about 3 consequences which are significant
of the family (Anderson & Baker 1964:165-166)
a. the factory system dispersed the employment of family members and
thus broke up family as a working unit.
b. the money basis of operation, through which each worker received his
own wages, tended to support individualism.
c. the enormous increases in the number and variety of available jobs
released women from their dependence of men.
2. Urbanization – when a large number of people live in close proximity, a
certain degree of homogeneity in the value and experience of those people
occur. The impersonality and anonymity characteristics of urban life tend to
change old norms and standards, which in turn bring about changes in family
norms.
 CHANGES IN THE FAMILY
3. Democratic Ideals – ideas of freedom and equality of opportunity
supplanted the traditional autocratic doctrines of individual or class
privilege. The democratic way of life found acceptance and the concept
of paternal authority and the submission of women and children ahs to
give way to more equalitarian practices. Social movements like,
Women’s Liberation Movement, have produced rapid change in the family
outlook.
4. Religious views – the religious attitude toward sex and the family has
undergone change. Today, companionship and sex expression are
recognized as a basic purpose of marriage together with the bringing up
and rearing of children.
RAPID CHANGES IN THE
NEW MILLENNIUM
1. Economic Changes
2. More Democratic relationship
3. Changes in Recreational Activities
4. Changes in Kinship Relationships
 FAMILY DISORGANIZATION
-separation, annulment, desertion and divorce may bring about the break-up of
families.
-the ideal expectation of society is that marriage and family will endure until
death of one of the spouses, however, certain circumstances may lead to
maladjustments in marital relations and the only solution acceptable is the
breakup of the marriage and the family.
Desertion – one of the partners to the marriage deliberately severs his ties and
leaves his family.
Separation – is the result of desertion, it breaks up the marriage relations
partially, although the marriage remains in force.
Annulment – is the process which makes the marriage contract null and void,
decides that there was no marriage contract at all.
 FORMS 0F FAMILY
DISORGANIZATION
1. The Empty-Shell Family – the members of the family no longer feel
satisfying emotional relations with each other but for some reason the
husband and wife do not separate or divorce.
 Annulment, Separation. Divorce, Desertion
2. Marital Conflict: Filipino Family
Conflict - may refer to situations where there are discrepancies between
the role expectations and role behavior of family members in relation to one
another. It may be temporary or permanent.
1. Situational Conflicts – ex. Whether they will go to the movies or visit
friends
2. Personality Conflicts – ex. A constantly nagging wife or a meticulous,
exacting husband.
3. Structural Conflict - ex. The decision-making functions, such as the
expenditure of money and the discipline of children.
 FAMILY VIOLENCE
Family violence may be seen in beatings, choking, severe spanking, stabbing or
even killing.
Violence between husband & wife – most common forms of family violence.
Violence is a pervasive features of our society, it occurs in all level of society.
Murray Straus – a sociologist who contends that as one’s level of verbal
aggression increase drastically violence may occur.
 SOCIOLOGICAL
EXPLANATION OF
1. Resource theory of William J. Goode
VIOLENCE
-violence will be used to achieve the desired goal.
ex. They may desire to get money, love, respect and status.
2. Culture of Violence Theory
- violence among the poor is a way of life.
3. Frustration – Aggression Theory
- violence is an outcome of frustrating life experience. Ex. A father who
is unemployed and unskilled lower – class member may react violently to
the misbehavior of children.
4. Victim – Precipitated Violence
- this theory asserts that the victim encourages his own physical
abuse. A typical situation may arise from an argument over unreasonable
 ALTERNATE FAMILY FORMS
1. Swinging – husband and wife swap sexual partners with another couple.
These individuals look at traditional marriage as very restrictive in terms of sexual
freedom.
2. Cohabitation – here an unmarried man and woman live together and share a
personal and sexual relationship
3. Commune family
2 types
A. Several monogamous couples with their children live in the same house
and share common facilities, resources and experiences, socializing the children
is the task of the whole group.
B. Group marriage. Where all individuals are “married” to each other and are
“parents” to the children. In reality this form is rare to found.
 ALTERNATE FAMILY FORMS
4. Open marriage – this form was advocated by Nena and George O’Neil. They
proposed that married couples should have sexual equality.
5. Dual-career marriage – this is a dual-breadwinner nuclear family. Here both
husband wife pursue their careers and treat each other as companions and equal.
They share the job of household cleaning, buying foods and child core. Their goal
is to increase family income but the demands of their work can take serious effect
on the home and their social lives.
6. Second-career family – here the wife takes a job or attend college when the
children begin school or after they have left home permanently.
CHILD ABUSE
Is a phenomenon that has existed for a very long time but
its concept is virtually unknown to many.
(Marsden and Wrench 1997) proposed that child abuse
refers to a “deliberate attack against a child resulting in
physical injury perpetrated by any person exercising his
responsibility as a caretake: (Gil: 1977: 201)
(Goade: 1971: 47) suggests that violence which is the use
of physical force and child abuse is considered by society as
unsanctioned abuse.
CHILD ABUSE
What is the profile of a child abuser?
(Psychologists) a child abuser as an individual who is mentally ill
or has some emotional problems.
(Social Scientists) believe that the stress and tension of the
surroundings are the most important causes of child abuse.
(Evidence) do not come only from the abnormal group of
individuals, there are numerous instances where parents are well
educated and middle class citizens who commit abusive behavior
against the child.
In the Philippines, child prostitution is a serious and growing
national problem.
6 TYPES OF CAUSAL
CONTEXT THAT MAY
PERPETUATE PHYSICAL
ABUSE OF CHILDREN
1. The parents psychological rejection of the child as a
person; they may not like the child’s face, capacities or
circumstances of birth;
2. The so-called male-perpetrated abuse. This occurs when the
mother is temporarily not at home. The husband may satisfy his
sadistic or sexual desire and consequently inflict injury on the child.
3. Mental or emotional stress such as unemployment.
4. The child-initiated or child-originated abuse. This usually
provoked by a very active, annoying misbehaving child;
5. Female babysitter abuse. This occurs when the mother is
absent;
6. The result of a quarrel between their father and mother.
ILLEGITIMACY
(Bronislaw Malinowski) asserts that every society has a rule that
“each child must have a legitimate father to act as a guide and
protector”
Illegitimacy is condemned because it is an evidence of sexual
relations outside of marriage.
Occurs primarily in lower class families, which are considered
unstable families.
Today, where young people have more sexual freedom, the
incidence of teenage pregnancy accounts for almost 80% of
illegitimate births.
Illegitimacy today is considered not just a personal problem but a
social problem because it creates in society the presence of one-
2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF
CHILDREN- LEGITIMATE &
ILLEGITIMATE
In order to protect the child born out of wedlock, illegitimate
children are given certain rights such as:
1. The right to use the surname of the father;
2. The right to support from the father;
3. The right to one half (1/2) legitime of the legitimate child, and
ther sucsessional rights (intestate succession)
The “rise in illegitimacy is a consequence of changing sex norms
and values” (Medina 1991:284)
THE OFW’S AND THEIR
EFFECTS OF THE FAMILY
The Philippines remains the most important Asian source of
Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs). Philippines is the best source of
domestic helpers in number and quality.
The major destination are the Middle East, Hong Kong and
Singapore.
(December 1999) the POEA reported 755.684 OFWs who are
deployed to 182 nations.
The absence of either the father or mother, usually results in
disaster for the members of the family.
SOCIAL VALUES AND SOCIAL
CONSCIENCE
What are Values?
Are cognitive units that are used in assessment o behavior along
the dimensions of good or bad, appropriate or inappropriate, and
right or wrong.
They provide the framework with which judgments are made.
They give purpose and direction to the lives of the people.
If values are clear, consistent and well-chosen, people tend to live
in a meaningful and satisfying way.
May be defined as those standards to which a group of society
judges the desirability and importance of persons, ideas, actions or
objects.
CLASSIFICATION OF VALUES -
MCKINNEY, 1980:205-208

1. Economic Value – the term is used to refer to objects possessing

values.
2. Behavioral Value – refers to the internalized guides in the production of
behavior. The concern is what called “matter of importance, or meaning
perceived as related to the “self”.
Classifications:
A. Instrumental values – (means) or the mode of behavior.
B. Terminal values – (end) results of behavior.
Ex.
Ex. A Student should study hard (instrumental) in order to get good grades
(terminal)
CLASSIFICATION OF VALUES -
MCKINNEY, 1980:205-208

3. Social values – are values arising from interpersonal relations.

2 types:
A. prescriptive or “thou shalt” values
B. proscriptive or “thou shalt not” values.
4. Nonsocial or self-concern values – this classification is in terms of
the relationship between the subscriber to the value and the beneficiary.
2 types:
A. self-oriented or egocentric – values which benefit the subscriber to
the value such as taking a bath everyday
B. other-oriented or disinterested
IDENTIFICATION OF VALUES
OPERATIVE IN A SOCIETY -
ROBIN WILLIAMS (1970:448)
Values are acquired through the process of socialization
1. Extensiveness. How large a population of a society recognizes
the value?
2. Duration. How long has the value been held by the society?
3. Intensity. Is the value sought after by many? Does the value
affect the emotions of the people?
4. Prestige of the carrier of the value. Does the value provide a
means of judging the social worth of the persons or groups who
posses them?
Individuals who adhere to the values which are considered
desirable are rewarded with esteem and prestige. Values, then, act
as means of social control and social pressure.
 RE-EXAMINING THE
PHILIPPINE VALUE SYSTEM
1. Paggalang – means respect for elders and is taught early in youth.
this basic structure which fosters the attitude of authoritarianism is calls
patriarchalism.
Secrecy and lack of communication exist also between brothers and
sisters, because authoritarianism in the family is stratified.
Authoritarianism means super-inferior relationship. It is defined as the
projection of the superior to the inferior.
Traditionalism slackens or hinders progress.
The value of paggalang is related to two attitudes which are considered
negative.
a. pakikialam – suppress the innate ability of the person to achieve
more because of suspicion.
- under the pretext of guidance and wisdom, elders meddle with the
business of their children and subordinates.
 RE-EXAMINING THE
PHILIPPINE VALUE SYSTEM
2. Pagmamay-ari (Property Ownership)
Filipino behavior manifests this value as the tendency to regard highly the
attainment of possessions. Land and other material possessions such as
home and food supply are reflected in one’s value system as pagpapahalaga
sa sariling bahay, sa pagkain, etc.
Pagpapahalaga sa may pinag-aralan – recognized as relevant to the aim
of national development.
Pagiimpok – embodies the importance of personal security among Filipinos.
Ang anak ay kayamanan, pagkatitulado and pagpapahalaga sa
pamilya – negative aspect under the value of pagmamay-ari.
Children are highly valued and considered a source of strength and
stability as well as insurance in old age.
RE-EXAMINING THE
PHILIPPINE VALUE SYSTEM
3. Pakikisama – is the concept of good public relations or yielding
to the will of the majority or the leader of the group.
- a value which is inherently good but it has been practiced
negatively by ,any Filipinos.
Clannishness – which is loyalty to the primary group, must be
transformed into loyalty to the country.
RE-EXAMINING THE
PHILIPPINE VALUE SYSTEM
4. Bahala na or I don’t care come-what-may attitude – this
value rests on a belief that one can leave matters as they are by
following “the line of least resistance” or without exerting any effort
because the supernatural spirits will take care of everything for
evervybody.

Bahala na works against progress, the individual takes on a

posture of resignation to the fact: “talagang ganyan ang
kapalaran”.
RE-EXAMINING THE
PHILIPPINE VALUE SYSTEM
5. Pagwawalang bahala – is related to bahala na. the same lack of
responsibility is present in the value. Filipino time means being late,
no matter how important an appointment may be, regardless of
other party concerned.
6. Hiya or Shame – is a social sanction that regulates all aspects of
social behavior.
7. Machismo (masculinity or male supremacy) – is considered a
negative value because it revolves around the double standard of
morality.
8. Pakikipagkapwa-tao or concerns for others – manifested in basic
sense of justice and fairness to others.
THE CONCEPT OF HUMAN
RIGHTS
The concept of human rights is closely related to the ideas of
social justice and an atmosphere if independence which is real or
genuine as the critics of the government describe it.
(Sen. Jose W. Diokno) is the sum of all the rights which allows a
human being to live a human life.
(United Nations) inalienable and inviolable rights of all members of
the human family.
 HISTORY OF HUMAN RIGHTS
4 historical events which were contributory to the formulation of these rights (Romero
1987: Part I, 2-4)
A. The Enlightenment Era-Europe of the 18th century
- characterized by great desire to understand the truths behind the things and
events as they happened.
B. The Period of Capitalism
- emphasize on free enterprises which gave rise to the bourgeoisie or the rich middle
class which had the upper hand in the economy.
C. The American Revolution of 1776
- contains the numerous and varied rights of the American.
D. The French Revolution of 1789-1799
- it’s the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the citizens.
TYPES OF HUMAN RIGHTS
AND ITS COMPONENTS
RIGHTS OF MAN

Health
LIF Own Property

E
Form Trade Unions/to
Strike
Rest & Leisure
Social Security
Move freely within the
country
To leave and return freely
Marry
Establish a family
Exercise Rights of Parents
TYPES OF HUMAN RIGHTS
AND ITS COMPONENTS
RIGHTS OF MAN

DIGNIT Recognition as a Person

Y Honor and
Reputation
Freedom of thought, conscience, religion, opinion
and expression
Right to Information
Equal treatment before the law
Privacy in the family, the home and in
correspondence
Freedom from slavery, torture, cruel punishment,
degrading/inhuman punishment, arbitrary arrest,
detention or exile
Be presumed innocent
of
Faircrime
trial
TYPES OF HUMAN RIGHTS
AND ITS COMPONENTS
RIGHTS OF MAN
DEVELOPME Education
NT
Share in cultural life of
community
Form associations
Live in national and international
order
TYPES OF HUMAN RIGHTS
AND ITS COMPONENTS
RIGHTS OF THE PEOPLE

SURVIV Peace
AL Non-aggression
Share international trade with just price for
products
TYPES OF HUMAN RIGHTS
AND ITS COMPONENTS
RIGHTS OF THE PEOPLE

SELF- Sovereign equality in international affairs and

DETERMINAT organizations
Freedom from all forms of racial
ION discrimination
Political Independence
Freedom from colonialism, neo-colonialism, alien domination and intervention
in national affairs
Sovereignty over our natural resources and all economic
activities
Control the activities of foreign investors and
transnational
Freely choosecorporations
and change political, social, cultural
economic systems
TYPES OF HUMAN RIGHTS
AND ITS COMPONENTS
RIGHTS ORIGHTS OF THE PEOPLE
NATIONAL Industrialize
DEVELOPME
NT Social and economic
reforms
Share in scientific and technological advances
of the world
Reparation and retribution for
exploitation
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!!!!

ZYRA PADIANGAN
SOCIAL STUDIES 2