OSI Physical Layer

Network Fundamentals – Chapter 8

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 Objectives
 The role of Physical layer protocols and services in
supporting communication across data networks.
- the role of signals used to represent bits as a frame as the
frame is transported across the local media

 The purpose of Physical layer signaling and encoding

as they are used in networks
 Identify the basic characteristics of copper, fiber and
wireless network media
 Common uses of copper, fiber and wireless network
media

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 Physical Layer Protocols & Services

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 Physical Layer Protocols & Services
 The Physical layer:
–provides the means to transport across the network media
the bits that make up a Data Link layer frame
–to create the electrical, optical, or microwave signal that
represents the bits in each frame

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 Physical Layer Protocols & Services
 The role of signaling in the physical media.

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 Physical Layer Protocols & Services
 Standards for the Physical layers compared to those for
the other layers of the network
•The International Organization
for Standardization (ISO)
•The Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
•The American National
Standards Institute (ANSI)
•The International
Telecommunication Union (ITU)
•The Electronics Industry
Alliance/Telecommunications
Industry Association (EIA/TIA)
•National telecommunications
authorities such as the Federal
Communication Commission
(FCC) in the USA.

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 Physical Layer Protocols & Services
 Hardware components:network adapters (NICs), interfaces
and connectors, cable materials, and cable designs are all
specified in standards associated with the Physical layer

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 Physical Layer Protocols & Services

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 Physical Layer Signaling and Encoding
 The Physical layer: encoded and the basic encoding
techniques.

Amplitude Modulation
(AM)

Frequency Modulation
(FM)

Phase Modulation (PM)

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 Physical Layer Signaling and Encoding

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 Physical Layer Signaling and Encoding
Manchester Encoding: used at 10BaseT Ethernet

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 Ethernet Frame - Encoding
All 10Mbps Ethernet have the same frame format

All 10Mbps Ethernet have the same

transmission processes:
• Signal Quality Error (SQE - called heartbeat)
- Send by transceiver back to controller.
- Indicate: successful transmission, collision,
cable short, interrupted transmission.
• Line Encoding
- Describes how the bits are actually signaled
on the wire.

Machester Encoding
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 100BASE-TX
• In 1995, use UTP - Cat5
• In 1997, full-duplex was expanded the pinout
• Switches replaced Hubs is same as
• Use 4B/5B encoding 10BASE-T
=> Multi-Level Transmit (MLT-3) Ethernet
MLT-3
• Half-duplex: 100Mbps
• Full-duplex: 200Mbps

MLT-3 Encoding Example

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 100BASE-FX
Used for:
• Backbone applications
• Connections b/w floors, buildings
=> No noise

The timing, frame format, and transmission

are the same 100BASE-TX

100BASE-FX Pinout
NRZI Encoding Examples
(Nonreturn to Zero Inverted)
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 Physical Layer Signaling and Encoding
 The role of encoding: applies to the transmission of bits

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 Code groups
Advantages using code groups include:
•Reducing bit level error
•Limiting the effective energy transmitted into the media
•Helping to distinguish data bits from control bits
•Better media error detection

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 4B/5B Code Symbols (Code groups)

Back
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 Physical Layer Signaling and Encoding
 Digital Bandwidth: the amount of information (kbps or Mbps)
that can flow from one place to another in a given amount of time

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 Physical Layer Signaling and Encoding
 Throughput: the transfer of bits across the media over a given
period of time
 Goodput: usable data transferred over a given period of time

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 Characteristics & Uses of Network Media
 Several media characteristics defined by Physical layer
standards.

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 Characteristics & Uses of Network Media
 Several media characteristics defined by Physical layer
standards.

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 Characteristics & Uses of Network Media
External Signal Interference

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 Characteristics & Uses of Network Media
 The basic characteristics of UTP cable

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 Characteristics & Uses of Network Media
 UTP cabling

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 Characteristics & Uses of Network Media
 The characteristics used to categorize connectors,
some common uses for the same connectors,

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 Characteristics & Uses of Network Media
 The basic characteristics Coaxial cable

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 Characteristics & Uses of Network Media
 Types of safety issues when working with copper cabling

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 Characteristics & Uses of Network Media
 Several primary characteristics of fiber cabling and its
main advantages over other media • Diameter of the core of
the fiber is large enough.
• Many paths that light
can take through the fiber.

• Smaller core.
• Only allows light rays to
travel along one path inside
the fiber.
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 Characteristics & Uses of Network Media
 The role of radio waves when using air as the media and
the increased need for security in wireless communications

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 Signal and noise on a WLAN
In a SOHO environment most
Bluetooth™
Bluetooth technologies hops
access points will utilize twin
across the entire 2.4 GHz many
omnidirectional antennae that
times per second and can cause
transmit the signal in all directions
significant interference on an thereby reducing the range of
802.11b network communication

Generally the RF signal will not be parabolic dish antenna that

affected by even the most extreme concentrates the signal will
weather conditions. increase the transmission range.

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 Summary

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