Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION
amirahsharif/BIO121/2014
 What is BIOLOGY??

Greek word : bios – life logos – knowledge

• The adventure of biology takes us:
• Into a variety of environments to investigate
ecosystems
• To the laboratory to examine how organisms
work
• Into the microscopic world to explore cells and
the submicroscopic to explore molecules in cells
• Back in time to investigate the history of life
• In some ways, biology is the most demanding of all
sciences, partly because living systems are so
complex and partly because biology is an
multidisciplinary science that requires a knowledge
of chemistry, physics, and mathematics
• Biology is also the science most connected to the
humanities and social sciences
• The complexity of life is inspiring, but it can be
overwhelming
 Branches in Biology
Zoology :
Botany :
Microbiology :
Mycology :
Bacteriology :
Anatomy :
Taxonomy :
• Histology :?
• Embryology :?
• Physiology :?
• Biochemistry :?
• Cell & molecular biology :?
• Genetics :?
• Ecology :?
 Brief history of LIFE
• Life can be defined in terms of the characteristics
of living organisms

6 characteristics of living thing

 6 characteristics
1 - Organisms are composed of cells
• Unicellular organisms
• Multicellular organisms
 6 characteristic, cont..

2 - Organisms grow and develop

3 - Organisms regulate their metabolic processes

 6 characteristic, cont..

4 - Organisms respond to stimuli

• Responses of animals are more obvious
• Plants respond to light, gravity, water,
touch, and other stimuli

5 – Organism reproduce
6 characteristic, cont..

6 - Populations evolve and become adapted

to the environment
 Order

Response
to the
environment
Evolutionary
adaptation

Regulation

Reproduction
Energy
processing Growth and
development
 The sign of evolution
• Biology can be viewed as having two
dimensions:
• a “vertical” dimension covering the size
scale from atoms to the biosphere
• a “horizontal” dimension that stretches
across the diversity of life  includes not
only present day organisms but those
throughout life’s history
Diversity and unity are the dual faces of life
on Earth
• Diversity is a hallmark of life
• At present, biologists have identified and named
about 1.8 million species
• This includes over 280,000 plants, almost 50,000
vertebrates, and over 750,000 insects
• Thousands of newly identified species are added
each year
• Estimates of the total diversity of life range from
about 10 million to over 100 million species
• Biological diversity is something to relish and
preserve, but it can also be a bit overwhelming
• In the face of this
complexity, humans are
inclined to categorize
diverse items into a
smaller number of groups
• Taxonomy is the branch of
biology that names and
classifies species into a
hierarchical order
• Domains, followed by
kingdoms, are the
broadest units of
classification
 Evolution is the core theme of
biology
• The history of life is a saga of a
restless Earth billions of years
old, inhabited by a changing
cast of living forms
• This cast is revealed through
fossils and other evidence

• Life evolves
• Each species is one twig on a
branching tree of life
extending back through
ancestral species
• Species that are very similar share a common
ancestor that represents a relatively recent
branch point on the tree of life.
• Brown bears and polar bears share a recent common
ancestor.

• Both bears are also related through older

common ancestors to other organisms.
• The presence of hair and milk-producing mammary
glands indicates that bears are related to other
mammals.
• Similarities in cellular structure, like cilia,
indicate a common ancestor for all eukaryotes

• All life is connected through evolution

• Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species
by Means of Natural Selection in 1859
• Darwin made two main points:
• Species showed evidence of “ descent with
modification” from common ancestors
• Natural selection is the mechanism behind “ descent
with modification”

• Darwin’s theory explained the duality of unity and

diversity
Darwin observed that:

• Individuals in a population have traits that

vary
• Many of these traits are heritable (passed from
parents to offspring)
• More offspring are produced than survive
• Competition is inevitable
• Species generally suit their environment
Darwin inferred that:

• Individuals that are best suited to their

environment are more likely to survive and
reproduce
• Over time, more individuals in a population
will have the advantageous traits

•In other words, the natural environment “ selects”

for beneficial traits
Population Elimination Reproduction Increasing
1 varied
with of individuals of survivors. frequency
inherited traits with certain of traits that
traits. enhance
survival and
reproductive
success.
 The Tree of Life
• “ Unity in diversity” arises from “ descent with
modification”
• For example, the forelimb of the bat, human,
horse and the whale flipper all share a common
skeletal architecture

• Fossils provide additional evidence of

anatomical unity from descent with modification
• Darwin proposed that natural selection could
cause an ancestral species to give rise to two or
more descendent species
• For example, the finch species of the Galápagos
Islands

• Evolutionary relationships are often illustrated

with tree-like diagrams that show ancestors and
their descendants
 Warbler finches

Insect-eaters
Green warbler finch
Certhidea olivacea

Gray warbler finch

COMMON
Certhidea fusca
ANCESTOR

Seed-eater
Sharp-beaked
ground finch
Geospiza difficilis

Bud-eater
Vegetarian finch
Platyspiza crassirostris

Mangrove finch
Cactospiza heliobates

Insect-eaters
Tree finches
Woodpecker finch
Cactospiza pallida

Medium tree finch

Camarhynchus pauper

Large tree finch

Camarhynchus psittacula

Small tree finch

Camarhynchus parvulus
Large cactus

Cactus-flower-
ground finch

eaters
Geospiza conirostris
Cactus ground finch
Ground finches

Geospiza scandens
Seed-eaters

Small ground finch

Geospiza fuliginosa

Medium ground finch

Geospiza fortis

Large ground finch

Geospiza magnirostris
• Population evolve as a result of selective pressures
from changes in the environment
• Descent with modification accounts for both the
unity and diversity of life.
• In many cases, features shared by two species are due to
their descent from a common ancestor.
• Differences are due to modifications by natural
selection modifying the ancestral equipment in different
environments.
• Evolution is the core theme of biology - a unifying
thread that ties biology together.
THERE IS NO WEALTH BUT LIFE………
- John Ruskin