Early filipino studen

t activities in spain
1880-1882
After the events of 1872
• A sort of lull settled on filipino nationalist activities i
n the Philippines and in Spain
• The other filipino priest who had been prominent in
the controversy returned from their exile
1874
• Archbishop Meliton Martinez resigned and replace
d by dominican archbishop Pedro PayoPayo
1880
• The tiny trickle of the students from the philippines
to the universities of peninsula gradually turned int
o a steady flow
what kind of Spain did these filipin
o students of the 1880's come into?
• Its Political
• Religious and
• EducationalEducational conditions
• Its influenced them and gave direction to their nati
onalistic aspirations
Most of the early students
from well-to-do families
• Mostly Creoles and Mestizos
• They were soon followed by young men of chinese mestiz
o or spanish mestizo and those who came from wealthy n
ative families
• Creoles-Identify themselves with the penisular spaniards
• Chinese Mestizo-Identified himself with the native filipino
or indio
• Under this time all those born in the phillipines shared a c
ertain feelings not yet defined of being filipinos especially
on early periods because of radical divisions had come to
the fore
Antonio Canovas Del Castill
o
• A great admirer of british parliamentary system
• Architect of Restoration
• The last quarter of 19th century witnessed his effor
t to form a spanish parliamentary system in that im
age
1875
• The accesion of Alfonso XII to the throne
• Largely the work of the Canovas
• Created around himself the Partido Liberal-Conserv
ador
• commonly known as Conservative
• Though a conservative group as a whole it was not
of the extreme rigth and thought generally support
ed the church it was not explicity so commited
The New Constitution 1876
• Embodied the program of Canovas aroused bitter p
rotests from the Vatican and Spanish Vishops
• why?Because though it proclaimed Catholicism as t
he religion of the spanish nation unlike the 1869 Co
nstitution it nevertheless tolerated the private prac
tice of other religions
Proxedes Mateo Sagasta
• Known as the Constitutionalist Liberal Party
• They rally to those monarchists who still held to the
Constitution of 1869 but supported Alfonso XII
• Afterthe addition by 1878 of splinter groups from b
oth left and right the party known as the fusionist p
arty
• The two dynastic parties though not without a doct
rinal basis were largely united on rather opportunis
tic grounds and were subject to frequent schisms a
nd realignment
Most doctrinaire is from left and right th
at refuses to recognize Alfonist Monarchy

• Extreme Right-Carlists (supporting Don Carlo's VII cl

aim to the throne)
• Intransigently Catholic,traditionalist and absolutist
• Left-Various factions of republicans,hopelessly divid
ed among themselves and united only in opposition
of monarchy
Emilio Castelar
• Last president of the republic led the Republicanis
Historicos or Posibilistas
• Federalistas-Under Francisco Pi y Margall another f
ormer president held aloof as did the advocates of
a unitary republic under the 3rd former president N
icolas Salmeron
Manuel Ruiz Zorilla
• Declared for the restoration of the republic means of
revolution and from his exile in france
• Zorillistas or Republicanos Progreistas -from time to ti
me joined in coalitions with other republican factions
• In the next 22 years till the assassination of Canovas
by an anarchist in 1897
• The atmosphere of corruption has characterized so m
uch of 19th century
• Both Canovas and Sagasta often recognize their cabi
net two or three times.
Pedro Paterno
• One of the 2 filipino nationalists known with certainty to
have been in spain before 1880
• He has came to spain in 1871(studied philosophy&theoro
logytheorology in Salamanca
• Later had gone to madrid where he obtained doctorate in
law in 1880
• Son of Maximo Paterno a wealthy Manila bussinessman
who was among defarted to Marianas in 1872
• Because of his father he has contact with men as Manuel
Regidor and Manuel Azcarraga(Philippine borns who was
left philippines and then got involved in political issues
• Paterno has made numerous highly-placed friends i
n 1880's and his home was often placed for reunion
s artisticas at which gathered many of the most pro
minent literary and political figures of spain
• In 1880 he brought out the first small volume of ver
se entitled "Bibliotica Filipina"designed to make kno
wn to the public"The mature fruits produced by the
filipino youth
• The verse make only occasional mention of the phili
ppines and are mostly romantic lyrics
Gregorio Sanciano
• Greater ultimate significance and certaintly of greater me
rit was the work of gregorio
• Sanciano had already earned his doctorate in law by 1880
• he began to contribute articles to news paper EL DEMOC
RATA on reforms needed in philippines especially in econ
omic matters
• In 1881 he published a book called EL Progreso De Filipina
s
• He pointed to the urgent necessity of roads ,bridges,railro
ads abd public works in general to promote agriculture
Gregorio Sanciano
• The educational system was inadequate
• A radical change in the system of raising revenue was needed t
he taxation and collection of tribute was unjust
• All of these form radical discrimination
• He proposed the abolition of various indirect taxes and customs
duties,showing how they impede the progress of the economy
• He proposed property tax,an industrial tax,and others based on
ability to pay
• To achieve it he pointed out the means that must taken to esta
blish clear titles to landed property and to provide the acquisiti
on of unuccupied or state-owned lands
Gregorio Sanciano
• His entire book is eminently practical,treating in dispassionate fas
hion the economic problems of the country and their solution
• His book was more on economic study
• Some sections of his book are charged woth deep nationalist feeli
ng
• He somehow expresses a calm serene tone of his exposion and re
place it by muted sense of outrage at the injustice and inexpedien
cy of law that only formats divisions between classes and races
• He says that by setting one class against another such system has
been at the root of the revoolts that have accured in 19th century
Gregorio Sanciano
• According to him this tribute is a symbol of rule imposed by forced as in the
ages of barbarism and has no place in the modern regime of liberty
• The filipinos must have to enjoy tax proportioned to their resources larger o
r smaller amount
• His principle of assimilation that all filipinos were Spanish citizen must have
the same rights and duties as peninsular spaniards has become the ostensi
ble basis of nationalist camcapaign for (15)years
• The Philippine should be granted representations inçortes
• Another point of significance of his work is the clear like which connected hi
m with the Philippine reform movement of 1869-72
• The point ofdeparture was reccomendations of the Junta De Reformas Ec
onomicos
• one of several reform comissions set up by Governor Dela Torre in 1868-70
• But suppressed on the accesion of Izquerdo
• he speaks with nostalgia of thàt period of liberty and reforms and presen
ts a fervent,if somewhat guarded,defence of most of those executed or e
xiled in aftermath of the cavite mutiny
• 1870-campaign of anonymousletters against the type of instruction giv
en in the university by the dominican
• one of the most significant feeling in his book is his impassioned yet care
fully reasoned and documented refutation of he Spanish commonplace o
f the indolencia del indeginia
• turning to the reports of the provincial governors regarding land matters,
he shows contradiction between those who say that valuable land remai
ns unoccupied because of indolence of filipinos and those who report on
the high rate of immigration and on the scarcity land in their province
Sanciano's book anticipates most of the
principal themes of the later Filipino n
ationalist campaign
• .Administrative campaign
• Eradication of corruption in the government
• Recognition of filipino rights as loyal spaniards
• Extension of spanish law to the philippines
• Curtailment of the excessive power of the priars in the life of the country
• The book was not the type to have a mass appeal and information is lackin
g on its circulation in the philippines
• Jose Rizal was impressed by the book
• In 1884 there was disturbance in Pangasinan,apparently over local grievan
ces but in the aftermath a number of prominent filipinos were imprisoned
among them is sanciano
• Eventually they were released but there is no trace of any further activity
on SANCIANO'S part before his death a few years later
THE FIRST FILIPINO COLONY
• Growing filipino colony appeared during publication of sanciano's book
• It was boquet given in honor of Fernando de leon y Castillo-overseas m
inister in liberal government of Sagasta by the filipino colony in Madrid
• June 25, 1881 he had published a long discussed degree abolishing the
government of tobacco minopoly in the philippines.
• at the banquet visayan medical student Graciano Lopez Jaena delivere
d speech he eulogized the glorious mission of spain personified by Ma
gellan,Legazpi and others who brought civilization and progress to the
philippines
• Philippines proud to call herself daughter of the fatherland of calderon
and cervantes
• when liberty and the encouragement of the arts shall reign in her,this
pearl of the orient will be a source of inexhaustable wealth for spain.
Graciano Lopez Jaena
Plays an important role in the filipino movement
• born in Jaro,Ilo-ilo in 1856
• First studied in the Jaro seminary and later gone to Manila to study medici
ne
• Works as apprentice at a hospital due to lack of secondary diploma,then re
turned to his native province
• Had trouble with authorities then later gone in Spain in 1880 to study med
icine at the university of Valencia
• 1881 gave up his study and left for madrid then began to be active in politi
cal and journalistic circle
• Natural orator and became frequent speaker in meetings of radical groups
• He would be radicalizing force among filipinos
• The banquet led to first organizations of filipinos in madrid
Early 1882
• They founded the Circulo-Hispano Filipino under th
e leadership of Juan Atayde a retired spanish army
officer of the philippines by birth
• In its manifesto of 20 April 1882,signed by the actin
g president Rear Admiral Claudia Montero y Gay its
secretary Juan atayde the circulo expressed its tha
nks to Minister Leon y Catillo to whose "support an
d personal mediation it owes its existence"
•
September 1882
• Jose Rizal arrived in Madrid to study medicine and he
endeavored to give substance to Circulo in faith that i
t will unite the philippines
• The Circulo founded a bi-weekly news paper called R
evista del Circulo Hispano-Filipino,whose first numbe
r appeared on 29 october 1882(it doesn't last long)
• Pardo de Taverra merely says that "Some spaniards fr
om the philippines who wrote on it,quickly stopped d
oing so when they saw the anti-spanish character whi
vh it was beggining to take"
1883
• both Circulo and its paper is dead because of the withdra
wal of the older member support and the cessation of th
e subsidy which had come from the overseas ministry wit
h the fail of the government
• In 1884 Rizal made new attempts to revive the Circulo but
did not succeded
• Jose Rizal did not only serve as the link with the first natio
nalist movement which ended tragically,he was to play a
decisive role in shaping the course of the later movement
• Jose Rizal Mercado y Alonso was born on prominent famil
y in Calamba,Laguna
Jose Rizal
• Jose Rizal father studied ate colegio de san jose and his mother i
n Colegio de santa Rosa in Manila,his parental grandfather has be
en a gobernadrocillo various times and from his mother's side th
ere were several relatives who had hekd minor posts,and numbe
r of lawyers and priests.
• His older brother paciano had studied at Colegio de san jose and
had been pupil and a close friend of Father Jose Burgos,with him
he was living up to his execution in 1872(nephew of father burgo
s helped him to get aplace in Manila-Jesult ateneo Municipal)
• All these connections with Burgos greatly influenced Jose Rizal w
hich is clear from his letter to the filipino colony in Barcelona:Had
not been for 1872 jose rizal would now be Jesuit and instead of
writing the Noli ME Tangere would have written the opposite"
Jose Rizal
• Young jose rizal is a serious religious boy as his adolescent memoirs and t
he accounts of his Jesuit professor reveal
• Jose Rizal is very fond of Jesuits during his student years even after he for
sook catholic religion he never stopped to visit them,he only did when th
ey themselves decided so.He renewed his contact once more during duri
ng his exile in Dapitan and his last hours he was accompanied by Jesuit fr
om the ateneo municipal
• In his writing when he was just 18(1879)he says "My second year as bord
er (1876-77) was like the first,except that in the time there had been a gr
eat development of my patriotic sentiments as well as of an acute sensiti
vitivity
• In 1880 his composition"A La Junventud Filipina"won the price offered in
Manila for the best poem by an indio mestizo.
• In it he calls on the filipino youth ,fair hope of my further land.
Jose Rizal
• The inequality leads jose rizal of breaking his studies at the university of Sto.T
omas and leaving philippines for europe(but this was all the reason
• The correspondence with his brother Paciano and with other close friends th
ough couched in somewhat guarded terms at least males clear that Jose Rizal
and Paciano regarded his studies in europe as means of fulfilling patriotic mis
sion or of preparing himself to do something for his country
• He had left without informing his parent whose disapproval he apparently fe
ared,secretly assisted by his brothe and his uncle who has been send him mo
ney for his support abroad
• Aletter of Paciano was sent few weeks after his depature speaks of distress of
his parents and how did he carry to let it be secret even unto his own father
• The letter also says that in the town of calamba his departure was subject of
attempts at conjecture for many days but none of them hit the mark.
• Paciano hoped that Jose Rizal woukd not stay in Barcelona to complete his med
ical course since"the principal object of your journey to Europe is not to perfec
t yourself in that career but in other matters of greater utility or to say some thi
ng in other words in that which you are more indined
• the following month his cousin and colse friends Vicente Gelia wrote Jose Rizal
that the sorely missed him while he was in"search of the good we all desire,Ma
ny god assist you in return for the good which you are doing on behalf of your
conrtymen"
• another friend suggest that he study law as well for it will be much use of the p
urpose you have in mind
• a few days after arriving in Barcelona Jose Rizal wrote to his family about how j
esuit there was introduced to him by his professor from ateneo and had helpe
d him lodging and had lent him money untill his funds from philippines arrive
• "I have gone through their college and am making studies on various matters in
order to apply them there when i get back"
Jose Rizal
• wrote to Paciano later that year"Tell your friends those who
have resources that i invite their sons to come to this part.I w
ould wish that the coming generation that which is to govern
and direct Calamba by the principles of the 20th century may
be a generation of brilliant light,intelligent and progressive.
• engaging in politics in Spain did not seem to be part of his pla
ns for the wrote later one of sisters apparently explaining wh
y he would not make use of political influence to get himself
a government post
• "I habe always consider my self as foreigner and have not con
created my indifference to all who have proposed but i join p
olitical parties
Diaryong Tagalong
• short lived bilingual nationalist news paper of manila
• chiefly the work of filipinos Basilio Teodoro Moran and Marcelo H. Del Pilar but the tit
ular ownership of the paper was vested in Francisco Calva y Munoz a peninsular func
tionary who allied himself at this time and later in spain with filipino nationalist
• Jose Rizal was asked by Teodoro to contribute articles to the news paper the first of th
ese "El Amor Patrio"appeared in the issue of 22 August 1882
• Rizal said that it is fitting that we too should be grateful to our beloved country
• the clear distinction of the philippines from spain"foreing land"caused many spaniard
in Manila to frown his brother in law wrote him some months later warning him to"be
careful because you seem to be on their list"
• few months later news paper ceased to publication for lack of funds struck by the twi
n dissasterof devastating typhoon and the schoolers epidemic 1882
• 188-1882-Pedro Paterno,Gregorio Sanciano,JOse RIzal ,Each on his own way had begu
n to articulate grówing consciousness among filipino abroad that they were not merr
ely vassals of Apian but people equal and distnct with their own to seek and cherish.