Reynolds Transport Theorem

(RTT)
 Preliminary Concepts
• We are sometimes interested in
– What happens to a particular part of the fluid as it moves about?
• Other times we may be interested in
– What effect the fluid has on a particular object or volume in
space as fluid interacts with it?
• Thus, we need to describe the laws governing fluid motion
using both
– System concepts (consider a given mass of the fluid)
– Control volume concepts (consider a given volume).
• To do this we need an analytical tool to shift from one
representation to the other. The Reynolds transport theorem
provides this tool.
 Preliminary Concepts
• All the laws of governing the motion of a fluid are stated in their basic
form in terms of a system approach, and not in terms of a control volume.
• The Reynolds Transport Theorem allows us to shift from the system
approach to the control volume approach, and back.
• General Concepts: B = mb
• B represents any of the fluid properties, m represent the mass, and b
represents the amount of the parameter per unit volume.
• Examples:
– Mass b=1, B = m
– Kinetic Energy b=V2/2 B= m V2/2
– Momentum b=V B = mV

• B is termed an extensive property, and b is an intensive property.

• B is directly proportional to mass, and b is independent of mass.
 Preliminary Concepts
• For a System: The amount of an extensive property can be calculated
by adding up the amount associated with each fluid particle.

• Now, the time rate of change of that system:

• Now, for control volume:

• For the control volume, we only integrate over the control volume,
this is different integrating over the system, though there are
instance when they could be the same.
 Example
• Fluid flows from the fire extinguisher
tank shown in Figure.
• Discuss the differences between
dBsys/dt and dBCV/dt if B represents
mass.
• With B=m the system mass, it A short time after the valve is opened, part of
follows that b=1 and Eqs. above the system has moved outside of the control
can be written as volume as is shown in Fig-c
The time rate of change of mass
within the system If mass is to be conserved (one of the
basic laws governing fluid motion) , the
mass of the fluid in the system is
constant, so that
The time rate of change of mass
within the control volume,
The amount of mass within the tank
1the control volume2 decreases
with time,
 Derivation
• Consider a 1D flow through a fixed control volume between
(1) and (2):

• Writing equation in terms of the extensive parameter:

Originally,
At time 2:
Divide by δt: The change in the amount of B in the system in the time interval δt
 • Noting, at the initial time t

(1) (2) (3) (4) The time rate of change

of a system property is
• In the limit δt→ 0 the left-hand side of Eq. a Lagrangian concept.
above is equal to the time rate of change of
B for the system and is denoted as DBsys/Dt.
We use the material derivative notation
(D( )/Dt), to denote this time rate of change
to emphasize the Lagrangian character of
this term.
• Let, The time rate of change of property B associated
with a system (a given portion of fluid) as it
(1) moves along.

• Time rate of change of mass within the control volume:

(2)
 • The third term on the right-hand side of Eq. above
represents the rate at which the extensive parameter B
flows from the control volume, across the control surface.
As indicated by the figure in the margin, during the time
interval from to the volume of fluid that flows across section
(2) is given by
• Thus, the amount of B within region II, the outflow region, is
its amount per unit volume, ρb, times the volume

(4)

Where b2 and ρ2 are the constant values of b and across section (2).
• The rate at which this property flows from the control
volume, Ḃout, is given by
• The rate at which the extensive property flows into the
control surface:

(3)

• Now, collecting the terms:

Restrictions for the above Equation:
1) Fixed control volume
2) One inlet and one outlet
3) Uniform properties
4) Normal velocity to section (1) and (2)
Reynolds Transport Theorem