C4.5 Integration 1

A-Level Maths:
Core 4
for Edexcel
C4.5 Integration 1
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Integrals of standard functions

Contents
Reversing the chain rule

Integration by substitution
Integration by parts
Volumes of revolution
Examination-style question

Review of integration
So far, we have only looked at functions that can be integrated

using:
n 1
kx
 dx = n  1 + c for all n  1
n
kx
For example:
1
Integrate 10 x + 2 + 6 x  3 with respect to x.
4
x
 1 
  10 x + x2 + 6 x  3  dx =  10 x dx +  x dx +  6 x dx   3 dx
1
4 4 2 2
3
1
10 x 5
x 6x2
= + + 3  3x + c
5 1 2
1
= 2 x  + 4 x3  3 x + c
5
x
1
The integral of x
The only function of the form xn that cannot be integrated by

this method is x–1 = 1x .
Adding 1 to the power and then dividing would lead to the
meaningless expression,
x0
0
This does not mean that 1x cannot be integrated.
dy 1
Remember that if y = ln x then =
dx x
1
Therefore  x dx = ln x + c (where x > 0)
1
The integral of x
We can only find the log of a positive number and so this is

only true for x > 0.
However, 1x does exist for x < 0 (but not x = 0). So how do we
integrate it for all possible values of x?
We can get around this by taking x to be negative.
If x < 0 then –x > 0 so:
1 1
 x dx =   x dx = ln( x) + c (where x < 0)
We can combine the integrals of 1x for both x > 0 and x < 0 by
using the modulus sign to give:
1
 x dx = ln x + c
1
The integral of x
2
Find  dx
3x
This is just the integral of 1x multiplied by a constant.

2 2 1 2
 3x dx = 
3 x
dx =
3
ln x + c
 2 5
Find   x  2  dx
4x
 x 
 2 5 20
  x2   4x  x dx
 3
4 x x dx =
= x 4  20ln x + c

Definite integrals involving 1x
It is particularly important to remember the modulus sign when

evaluating definite integrals of functions involving 1x .
Find the area under the curve y = – 1x between x = –3,

x = –1 and the x-axis, writing your answer in the form ln a.
y 1 1
The area is given by 3  .
x
1 1 1
3  x =  ln x  3
–3 –1 0 x
y
1 =  ln 1   ln 3
x Remember
=  ln1+ ln3
that ln 1 = 0
= ln3 units squared
Definite integrals involving 1x
b 1
We should note that definite integrals of the form a can only
x
be evaluated if x = 0 does not lie in the interval [a, b].

By reversing the process of differentiation we can derive the

integrals of some standard functions.
n 1
x
 dx = n  1 + c (n  1)
x n
 sin x dx =  cos x + c
1
 x dx = ln x + c  cos x dx = sin x + c
 
x x 2
e dx = e +c sec x dx = tan x + c
These integrals should be memorized.

Also, if any function is multiplied by a constant k then its

integral will also be multiplied by the constant k.

Find  4 sin x + 7e x dx
  4 sin x + 7e  dx =  4 sin x dx +  7e dx
x x
= 4  sin x dx + 7  e x dx
= 4(  cos x ) + 7e x
= 7e x  4cos x
In practice most of these steps can be left out.


Contents


A very helpful technique is to recognize that a function that we

are trying to integrate is of a form given by the differentiation of
a composite function. This is sometimes called integration by
recognition.
Let y = (f ( x ))n+1
dy
By the chain rule: = ( n +1)(f ( x ))n f '( x )
dx

n n +1
So ( n +1)( f ( x )) f '( x ) dx = ( f ( x )) +c
It follows that for n ≠ 1

1

n n+1
( f ( x )) f '( x ) dx = ( f ( x )) +c
( n +1)
If the integral is multiplied by a constant k:

k

n n +1
k ( f ( x )) f '( x ) dx = ( f ( x )) +c
( n +1)
Don’t try to learn this formula, just try to recognize that the
function you are integrating is of the form k(f(x))n f ’(x) and
compare it to the derivative of (f(x))n + 1.
Suppose we want to integrate (2x + 7)5 with respect to x.
Consider the derivative of y = (2x + 7)6.
dy
Using the chain rule: = 6(2 x + 7)5 × 2 = 12(2x + 7)5
dx

5 6
So 12(2 x + 7) dx = (2 x + 7) +c
1
  (2 x + 7) dx = (2 x + 7)6 + c
5
12
In general, you can integrate any linear function raised to a

power using the formula:
n 1
 (ax  b) dx = a( n +1)
( ax  b )n+1 + c
With practice, integrals of this type can be written down

directly. For example:
1
  8
( x 5) dx = ( x  5)9
+c
9
1

2
(4 x + 7) dx = (4 x + 7)3 + c
12
5 1
  9
5(3 2 x ) dx = (3  2 x )10
+ c = (3  2 x )10
+c
20 4
Let’s look at some more integrals of functions of the form

k(f(x))n f ’(x).
Integrate y = x(3x2 + 4)3 with respect to x.
Notice that the derivative of 3x2 + 4 is 6x.
Now consider the derivative of y = (3x2 + 4)4.

dy
Using the chain rule: = 4(3 x 2 + 4)3 × 6 x = 24x(3x2 + 4)3
dx

2 3 2 4
So 24 x(3 x + 4) dx = (3 x + 4) +c
1
  x(3 x 2 + 4)3 dx = (3 x2 + 4)4 + c
24
Find  7 x 2 (2 x 3  9)2 dx.
Notice that the derivative of 2x3 – 9 is 6x2.

Now consider the derivative of y = (2x3 – 9)3.
dy
Using the chain rule: = 3(2 x 3  9)2 × 6 x 2 = 18x2(2x3 – 9)2
dx
  
2 3 2 3 3
So 18 x (2 x 9) dx = (2 x 9) +c
1
  x (2 x  9) dx = (2 x3  9)3 + c
2 3 2
18
7
  7 x (2 x  9) dx = (2 x3  9)3 + c
2 3 2
18
Find x2 .
 x 1
3
dx x2 is the derivative
of (x3 – 1).
x2  21
Start by writing as x ( x  1) .
2 3
x 1
3  21 plus 1 is 21 .
1
Now consider the derivative of y = ( x  1) . 3 2
dy 1 3  21 3 2 3  21
Using the chain rule: = ( x  1)  3 x = x ( x  1)
2
dx 2 2
3 2 3
 2 x ( x  1) dx = ( x  1) + c
 21 3
1
So 2
2 3
  x ( x  1) dx = ( x  1) + c
2 3  21 1
2
3
x2 2 x3  1
  x 1
3
dx =
3
+c
Reversing the chain rule for exponential functions
When we applied the chain rule to functions of the form ef(x) we

obtained the following generalization:
f ( x) dy
If y = e then = f '( x)ef ( x )
dx
We can reverse this to integrate functions of the form k f ’(x)ef(x).
For example:

5 x 3 5 x 3
5 e dx = e +c
A numerical adjustment is usually necessary.

1 5 x 3

5 x 3
e dx = e +c
5
2 5 x 3

5 x 3
2 e dx = e +c
5
In general, 1 ax b
e
ax  b
dx = e +c
a
Find 6 .
 e3 x dx
6
 e3 x  dx
3 x
dx = 6 e
6 3 x
= e +c
3
= 2e 3 x + c
2
=  3x + c
e
With practice, this method can be extended to cases where the

exponent is not linear. For example:
Find .
 xe
2 x2
dx
Notice that the derivative of 2x2 is 4x and so the function we

are integrating is of the form k f ’(x)ef(x).
1
 xe dx =  4 xe dx
2 x2 2 x2
1 2 x2
= e +c
4

Reversing the chain rule for logarithmic functions
When we applied the chain rule to functions of the form ln f(x)

we obtained the following generalization:
dy f '( x )
If y = ln f ( x ) then =
dx f ( x )
kf '( x )
We can reverse this to integrate functions of the form
For example: f ( x)
1
1 1 5 Remove a factor of 5
 5 x + 4 dx = 5  5 x + 4 dx to write the function
f '( x )
in the form .
f ( x)
1
= ln 5 x + 4 + c
5
In general, 1 1
 ax + b dx = a ln ax + b + c
5 This is now of
Find  dx. the form f '( x ) .
2  6x f ( x)
5 5 6
 2  6x dx =  
6 2  6x
dx
5
=  ln 2  6 x + c
6
24
Evaluate 1 dx , writing your answer in the form a ln b.
2x  7
4
First of all, note that the graph of y = has a discontinuity
2x  7
when 2x – 7 = 0, that is when x = 3.5.
This is outside the interval [–1, 2] and so the integral is valid.

2 4 2 2 This is now of
1 2 x  7 dx = 2 1 2 x  7 dx the form f '( x ) .
f ( x)
2
= 2 ln 2 x  7  1
= 2(ln 4  7  ln 2  7 )
= 2(ln3  ln9)
This can be written in the required form by using the rule that
a
ln a – ln b = ln .
b
2 4 3
1 2 x  7 dx = 2ln
9
1
= 2ln
3
x2 This is now of
Find  3
dx . the form f '( x ) .
7 + 2x f ( x)
x2 1 6 x2
 7 + 2 x3 dx = 6  7 + 2 x3 dx
1
= ln 7 + 2 x 3 + c
6
4e 2 x This is now of
Find  2 x dx . the form f '( x ) .
e +1 f ( x)
4e 2 x 2e2 x
 e2 x +1 dx = 2 e2 x +1 dx
= 2ln e2 x +1 + c

The integral of tan x
sin x
We can find the integral of tan x by writing it as and
cos x
f '( x )
recognizing that this fraction is of the form .
f ( x)
sin x
 tan x dx =  cos x dx
=  ln cos x + c
It is ‘tidier’ to rewrite this without a minus sign at the front, using
the fact that –ln a = ln a–1:
1
 ln cos x + c = ln cos x + c
1
= ln +c
cos x
= ln sec x + c
 tan x dx = ln sec x + c
Reversing the chain rule for trigonometric functions
When we applied the chain rule to functions of the form sin f(x)
and cos f(x) we obtained the following generalizations:
dy
If y = sin f ( x ) then = f '( x)cos f ( x)
dx
dy
If y = cos f ( x ) then = f '( x)sin f ( x)
dx
We can reverse these to integrate functions of the form

f ’(x) cos f(x) and f ’(x) sin f(x). For example:
 3cos3 x dx = sin3 x + c
  2 2
2 x sin x dx = cos x +c
Reversing the chain rule for trigonometric functions
As with other examples a numerical adjustment is often

necessary.
1
 sin(5 x  2)dx =  5  5 sin(5 x  2)dx This is now of the
form –f ’(x) sin f(x).
1
=  cos(5 x  2) dx
5
In general, when dealing with the cos and sin of linear functions:
1
 cos(ax + b) dx = a sin(ax + b) + c
1
 sin(ax + b) dx =  a cos(ax + b) + c

Contents


With practice, the technique of integration by recognition

can save a lot of time.
However, when it is too difficult to use integration by
recognition we can use a more formal method of reversing the
chain rule called integration by substitution.
3
To see how this method works consider the integral  (5 x + 2) dx.
3
Let u = 5x + 2 so that   dx
3
(5 x + 2) dx = u
The problem now is that we can’t integrate a function in u with

respect to x. We therefore need to write dx in terms of du.
du
u = 5x + 2  =5
dx

When we used the chain rule for differentiation we saw that we

du
can treat informally as a fraction, so:
dx
du 1
= 5  du = 5dx  dx = du
dx 5
1
So if u = 5x + 2 and dx = du :
5
3 1
3
 ( 5 x + 2 ) dx =  u 5 du
1 4
= u +c
20
Now change the variable back to x:
3 1

4
(5 x + 2) dx = (5 x + 2) +c
20
Use a suitable substitution to find  x(2 x 2  5)5 dx.

du
Let u = 2x – 5
2 = 4x
dx
dx 1
=
du 4 x
1
dx = du
4x
Substituting u and dx into the original problem gives:
5 1
   xu 4 x du
2 5
x( 2 x 5 ) dx = Notice that the
x’s cancel out.
1
=  u 5 du
4
1 6
= u +c
31 of 57
24 © Boardworks Ltd 2006
Now we need to change the variable back to x :

1
  
2 5 2 6
x(2 x 5) dx = (2 x 5) +c
24
This integral could also have been found directly by recognition.
However, there are functions that can be integrated by use of

a suitable substitution but not by recognition. For instance:
  4
Use the substitution u = 1 – 2x to find x(1 2 x ) dx .
du
If u = 1 – 2x then = 2
dx
dx 1 1
= dx =  du
du 2 2
Also if u = 1 – 2x then
1 We also have to substitute
x = (1  u ) the x so that the whole
2 integrand is in terms of u.
Substituting these into the original problem gives:

1 1
 x(1  2 x) dx =  2 (1  u )u ( 2 )du
4 4
1
=   (1  u )u 4 du
4
1
=   (u 4  u 5 )du
4

1 1  u 5
u 6

  (u  u )du =     + c
4 5
4 4 5 6
1  6u 5  5u 6 
=  +c
4 30 
1 5
= u (6  5u ) + c
120
Changing the variable back to x gives:
1
  4
x(1 2 x ) dx =  (1  2 x )5
(6  5(1  2 x )) + c
120
1
= (1  2 x )5 (10 x +1) + c
120
1
= (2 x  1)5 (10 x +1) + c
120
Definite integration by substitution
When a definite integral is found by substitution it is easiest to

rewrite the limits of integration in terms of the substituted
variable.
Use the substitution u = 8  x to find the area under the curve
2x
y= between x = 4 and x = 7.
8x
1 du 1  21 Using the chain rule
If u = (8  x ) then
2
= (8  x ) ( 1) for differentiation.
dx 2
1
= 1
2(8  x ) 2
1
=
2u
dx
So = 2u  dx = 2u du
du
Now we need to find x in terms of u.

1
If u = (8  x ) then
2
u2 = 8 – x
x = 8 – u2
Rewrite the limits in terms of u:
when x = 3, u = 8  4 = 2
when x = 1, u = 8  7 = 1
7 2x
The area is given by  dx . Rewrite this in terms of u:
4
8x
2 2(8  u )
2
7 2x
4 8  x dx = 1 u ( 2u )du
2
=  4(8  u 2 ) du
1
2
= 4  (u 2  8) du
1
2
2 u 3

4  (u  8) du = 4   8u 
2
1
3 1
8 1 
= 4   16  + 8 
3 3 
7 
= 4  8
3 
= 22 32
Therefore, the required area is 22 32 units squared.


Contents


Suppose we wish to integrate the product of two functions,

such as x sin x, where one of the functions is not related to the
derivative of the other.
An expression such as this can be integrated using the method
of integration by parts.
When we differentiate the product of two functions u and v we
use the product rule:
d dv du
(uv ) = u + v
dx dx dx
where u and v are functions of x.

Integrating throughout with respect to x gives:
dv du
uv =  u dx +  v dx
dx dx
This can be rearranged to give:

dv du
 u dx dx = uv   v dx dx
To integrate a product using this formula we let one part equal
dv
u and the other equal .
dx
du
We find by differentiating the part we called u.
dx
dv
We find v by integrating the part we called .
dx
dv
It is important to choose u and so that
dx
du dv
 v dx dx is easier to integrate than  u dx dx .
So, to integrate x sin x with respect to x:

dv
Let u=x and = sin x
differentiate
dx integrate
du
So =1 and v =  cos x
dx
We don’t need
dv du
Now, using the formula  u dx = uv   v dx : the “+ c” here.
dx dx
 x sin x dx =  x cos x    cos x dx

=  x cos x   sin x + c
= sin x  x cos x + c

 dx .
2x
Find xe
dv
Let u=x and = e2 x
dx
du e2 x
So =1 and v=
dx 2
dv du
Now, apply the formula  u dx = uv   v dx :
dx dx
e2 x e2 x
 xe dx = x 2   2 dx
2x
xe2 x e2 x
=  +c
2 4
e2 x
= (2 x  1) + c
4
Find  8 x ln x dx.
We don’t know the integral of ln x so:

dv
let u = ln x and = 8x
dx
du 1
so = and v = 4 x2
dx x
dv du
Now, using the formula,  u dx = uv   v dx :
dx dx
1
 8 x ln x dx = 4 x ln x   4 x × x dx
2 2
= 4 x 2 ln x   4 x dx
= 4 x 2 ln x  2 x 2 + c
= 2 x 2 (2ln x  1) + c
The integral of ln x
We can also use integration by parts to find the integral of ln x.

We do this by writing ln x as (1 × ln x).
dv
Let u = ln x and =1
dx
du 1
So = and v=x
dx x
Now we can integrate by parts:
1
 1× ln x dx = x ln x   x x dx
= x ln x   1dx
= x ln x  x + c
 ln x dx = x ln x  x + c
To evaluate a definite integral using integration by parts we use:

dv b du
a u dx dx =  uv  a  a v dx dx
b b

Evaluate  2 x cos x dx.
2
0
dv
Let u = 2x and = cos x
dx
du
So =2 and v = sin x
dx
  

2
2 x cos x dx =  2 x sin x  0   2sin x dx
2 2
0 0

sin π/2 = 1 = ( sin 2  0)   2cos x  0

2
cos /2 = 0
π =   ( 2cos 2 + 2cos0)
cos 0 = 1 = 2

Contents


Consider the area bounded by the curve y = f(x), the x-axis and
x = a and x = b.
If this area is rotated 360° about the x-axis a three-dimensional

shape called a solid of revolution is formed.
The volume of this solid is called its volume of revolution.

We can calculate the volume of revolution by dividing the

volume of revolution into thin slices of width δx.
The volume of each slice is approximately cylindrical, of radius

y and height δx, and is therefore approximately equal to
πy2δx

The total volume of the solid is given by the sum of the volume
of the slices. x =b
V    y 2 x
x=a
The smaller δx is, the closer this approximate area is to the

actual area.
We can find the actual area by considering the limit of this sum
as δx tends to 0. x =b
V = lim   y 2 x
 x 0
x=a
This limit is represented by the following integral:

b
V =   y 2 dx
a

So in general, the volume of revolution V of the solid generated

by rotating the curve y = f(x) between x = a and x = b about the
x-axis is:
b
V =   y 2 dx
a
Similarly, the volume of revolution V of the solid generated by

rotating the curve x = f(y) between y = a and y = b about the
y-axis is:
b
V =   x 2 dy
a
Volumes of revolution are usually given as multiples of π.

Find the volume of the solid formed by rotating the area

between the curve y = x(2 – x), the x-axis, x = 0, and x = 2
360° about the x-axis.
2
V =   y 2 dx
0
2
=   (2 x  x 2 )2 dx
0
2
=   (4 x 2  4 x 3  x 4 )dx
0
2
 4x 4x3
x 4 5
=    
 3 4 5 0
 32 32  16
=   16 +  = cubic units
 3 5  15

Find the volume of the solid formed by rotating the area

between the curve y = 1x , the y-axis, y = 1, and y = 2
360° about the y-axis.
2
V =   x 2 dy Rearranging
1
1 1
2 y = x gives x = y .
 1
2
=     dy
1
 y
2
=   y 2 dy
1
2
 1
=   
 x 1
 1  
=    +1 = cubic units
 2  2

Contents


a) Show that cos2x = 21 (1 + cos 2x)

b) The diagram below shows the finite region R which is
bounded by the curve y = 1  x 2 the x-axis, the y-axis and
1
the line x = 2 . y
0 1
2
x
Using the substitution x = sin u, or otherwise, find the area

of the region R to 3 significant figures.
c) Find the volume of the solid formed when R is rotated
through 360° about the x-axis to 3 significant figures.

a) RHS = 21(1 + cos 2x) Using the double angle

identity cos 2A ≡ 2cos2A – 1.
= 21 (1 + (2cos2x – 1))
= 21 (2cos2x)
= cos2x = LHS
b) The area of R is given by
1
 1  x 2 dx
2
Using the substitution x = sin u we have:

dx
= cos u  dx = cos u du
du
Find u when x is 0 and ½:
1 
when x = 0, u = 0 and when x = 2 , u = 6
Now make the substitution:

1 
 1  x dx =  1  sin2 u cos u du
2 2 6
0 0 Using the identity

cos2A = 1 – sin2A.
=  cos2 u du
6
0
 Using the identity
= 6 1 (1+ cos2u ) du cos2A = 21 (1 + cos 2A).
0 2

= 1 u + 1 sin2u  6
2 2 0
 3
= +
12 8
Therefore, the area of region R is 0.478 units squared (to 3
s.f.).
c) The required volume of revolution is given by

1 1
  y dx =   (1  x 2 ) dx
2 2 2
0 0
1
 x 3 2
=  x  
 3 0
 1 81 
=   
2 3
11
=
24
Therefore, the volume formed when R is rotated about the
x-axis is 1.44 units cubed (to 3 s.f.).

C4.5 Integration 1

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C4.5 Integration 1

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A-Level Maths:

1 of 57 © Boardworks Ltd 2006

Integrals of standard functions

Reversing the chain rule

2 of 57 © Boardworks Ltd 2006

So far, we have only looked at functions that can be integrated

The only function of the form xn that cannot be integrated by

We can only find the log of a positive number and so this is

This is just the integral of 1x multiplied by a constant.

6 of 57 © Boardworks Ltd 2006

It is particularly important to remember the modulus sign when

Find the area under the curve y = – 1x between x = –3,

8 of 57 © Boardworks Ltd 2006

By reversing the process of differentiation we can derive the

These integrals should be memorized.

9 of 57 © Boardworks Ltd 2006

Also, if any function is multiplied by a constant k then its

In practice most of these steps can be left out.

10 of 57 © Boardworks Ltd 2006

Integrals of standard functions

Reversing the chain rule

11 of 57 © Boardworks Ltd 2006

A very helpful technique is to recognize that a function that we

It follows that for n ≠ 1

If the integral is multiplied by a constant k:

In general, you can integrate any linear function raised to a

With practice, integrals of this type can be written down

Let’s look at some more integrals of functions of the form

Integrate y = x(3x2 + 4)3 with respect to x.

Notice that the derivative of 3x2 + 4 is 6x.

Now consider the derivative of y = (3x2 + 4)4.

Find  7 x 2 (2 x 3  9)2 dx.

Notice that the derivative of 2x3 – 9 is 6x2.

When we applied the chain rule to functions of the form ef(x) we

A numerical adjustment is usually necessary.

With practice, this method can be extended to cases where the

Notice that the derivative of 2x2 is 4x and so the function we

20 of 57 © Boardworks Ltd 2006

When we applied the chain rule to functions of the form ln f(x)

22 of 57 © Boardworks Ltd 2006

24 of 57 © Boardworks Ltd 2006

We can reverse these to integrate functions of the form

As with other examples a numerical adjustment is often

Integrals of standard functions

Reversing the chain rule

28 of 57 © Boardworks Ltd 2006

With practice, the technique of integration by recognition

The problem now is that we can’t integrate a function in u with

29 of 57 © Boardworks Ltd 2006

When we used the chain rule for differentiation we saw that we

Use a suitable substitution to find  x(2 x 2  5)5 dx.

Now we need to change the variable back to x :

However, there are functions that can be integrated by use of

Substituting these into the original problem gives:

33 of 57 © Boardworks Ltd 2006

When a definite integral is found by substitution it is easiest to

Now we need to find x in terms of u.

Therefore, the required area is 22 32 units squared.

37 of 57 © Boardworks Ltd 2006

Integrals of standard functions

Reversing the chain rule

38 of 57 © Boardworks Ltd 2006

Suppose we wish to integrate the product of two functions,