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The Venetian

and the
Northern
Renaissance
• The Renaissance

• The High Renaissance in Venice


CONT
ENTS • The Northern Renaissance

• The End of the Renaissance


The
Renaissance
The Renaissances

Renaissance
• The word "renaissance" means
"rebirth" or "revival."

• Rebirth of classical art

• The introduction of Humanism

• Artists were among the first affected by


the new spirit of humanism. In their
work they began to focus on human life
on earth.
Florence

The Early Renaissance in Florence


Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337)

Giotto's religious pictures were painted with


great sympathy for the human qualities of his
subjects. Holy figures are shown in
countryside settings, dressed in worn and
commonplace clothing.
 Adoration of Magi

 The Crucifixion
Rome

The High Renaissance in Rome

In the 16th century the center for Renaissance artists


shifted from Florence to Rome.
The climax of church architecture in the High Renaissance
was St. Peter's Basilica. It was built to replace an early
Christian church on the same site. Donato Bramante
(1444-1514) and Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564)
were the main architects, although their original plans
were altered by others.
Italy and
Venice

Venice and Northern Italy

• Venice was the most important northern Italian city of


the Renaissance. The Venetians lived a gay and
luxurious life.
• One of the most important north Italian painters was
Andrea Mantegna (1431-1506).
• The greatest of the 15th-century Venetian painters was
Giovanni Bellini (1430-1516). Mantegna's friendship
with Bellini had a direct influence on Venetian painting.
Madonna del
Prato, 1505
The San Giobbe
Altarpiece, c. 1487
The High
Renaissance
in Venice
Venice

The High Renaissance in Venice


• Giorgione (1478-1510)

 Giorgione's colorful and poetic pictures attracted a large


following of artists known as Giorgionesque painters.
• Tiziano Vecelli (Titian) (1488-1576
 Titian began as a Giorgionesque painter but developed
far beyond this style. He achieved such mastery in the
handling of bright, warm color that he was considered to
be the equal of Michelangelo.
The Sleeping Venus, also known as the
Dresden Venus by Giorgione, 1510
The Three Philosophers ,
Giorgione 1509
Venus of Urbino by Titian, 1538
Bacchus and Ariadne by Titian,
1520–1523
Northern

The Northern Renaissance

• The Northern Renaissance describes the Renaissance in


northern Europe

• Before 1450, Renaissance humanism had little


influence outside Italy; however, after 1450 these ideas
began to spread across Europe.

• This influenced the Renaissance periods in Germany,


France, England, the Netherlands, and Poland
Northern

• Humanism influenced the Renaissance periods in


Germany, France, England, the Netherlands, and Poland.
There were also other national and localized
movements, each with different characteristics and
strengths.

• Northern painters in the 16th century increasingly


looked to Rome for influence, and became known as the
Romanists . The High Renaissance art of Michelangelo
and Raphael and the stylistic tendencies of Mannerism
also had a great impact on their work.
Northern

The Northern Renaissance

The Northern Renaissance was also closely linked to the


Protestant Reformation and the long series of internal and
external conflicts between various Protestant groups and
the Roman Catholic Church had lasting effects.
Italy and
Venice

Protestant Reformation: The 16th century schism


within Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther,
John Calvin, and other early Protestants; characterized
by the objection to the doctrines, rituals, and
ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Catholic Church
and led to the creation of Protestant churches, which
were outside of the control of the Vatican.
Flemish
Painting
Jan van Eyck (1395 –
1441)
•More courtly and
aristocratic work.
-Court painter to
the Duke of
Burgundy,
Philip the Good.

•The Virgin and


Chancellor Rolin,
1435.
Giovanni Arnolfini
and His Wife

(Wedding Portrait)

Jan Van Eyck

1434
Jan van Eyck -
Giovanni Arnolfini &
His Wife
(details)
German
Painting
Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528)

•The greatest of German artists.


•A scholar as well as an artist.
•His patron was the Emperor
Maximilian I.
•Also a scientist
Wrote books on geometry,
fortifications, and human
proportions.
•Self-conscious individualism of the
Renaissance is seen in his portraits.

 Self-Portrait at 26, 1498.


Dürer – Self-Portrait
in Fur-Collared
Robe, 1500
The School of
Fontainebleau
It revolved around the artists at Francis I’s Palace at
Fontainebleau.
A group of artists that decorated the Royal Palace between the
1530s and the 1560s.
It was an offshoot of the Mannerist School of Art begun in Italy
at the end of the High Renaissance.
characterized by a refined elegance, with crowded figural
compositions in which painting and elaborate stucco work
were closely integrated.
Their work incorporated allegory in accordance with the
courtly liking for symbolism.
Germain Pilon (1525-1590)
The Deposition of Christ
Bronze, 1580-1585.
Jean Goujon
(1510-1565)

“Nymph,” “Nymph & Putto,”


1548-1549 1547-1549
England
Hans Holbein, the Younger (1497-1543)

•One of the great German artists


who did most of his work in
England.
•While in Basel, he befriended
Erasmus.
Erasmus Writing, 1523 
•Henry VIII was his patron from
1536.
•Great portraitist noted for:
Objectivity & detachment.
Doesn’t conceal the weaknesses
of his subjects.
Holbein-Artist to the Tudors

Henry VIII, 1540 Future Edward VI,1543


The Low
Coutries
Italy and
Venice

The Low Countries

• The “Low Countries” (Belgium, Holland, and


Luxembourg) produced 3 major port cities – Brussels,
Amsterdam, and Bruges
• During the Dutch Golden Age (1600s), Amsterdam was
the world’s wealthiest city.
• The Dutch East India Company sailed to India,
Indonesia, and America and traded glass beads and
slaves for spices, jewels, and the island of Manhattan.
Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516)
•A pessimistic view of human nature.
•Had a wild and lurid
imagination.
-Fanciful monsters &
apparitions.
•Untouched by the
values of the Italian
Quattrocento, like
mathematical
perspective.
-His figures are flat.
-Perspective is ignored.
•More a landscape painter than a portraitist.
Philip II of Spain was an admirer of his work.
Hieronymus
Bosch

The Garden of Earthy


Delights

1500
Hieronymus
Bosch

The Garden of Earthy Delights


(details)

1500
Spain
Domenikos Theotokopoulos (El Greco)

• The most important Spanish artist of this period


was Greek.
1541 – 1614.
• He deliberately distorts & elongates his figures,
and seats them in a lurid, unearthly atmosphere.
• He uses an agitated, flickering light.
• He ignores the rules of perspective, and heightens
the effect by areas of brilliant color.
• His works were a fitting expression of the Spanish
Counter-Reformation.
El Greco

Christ in Agony on the Cross

1600s
El Greco

Portrait of a
Cardinal

1600
El Greco’s, The Burial of Count
Orgaz,
1578-1580
Conclusions

The artistic production of Northern


Europe in the 16c was vast, rich, and
complex.

The Northern Renaissance ended with a


Mannerist phase, which lasted a
generation longer in the North than it
did in Italy, where it was outmoded by
1600.

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