TYPES OF JOINS

By: NEHA SHARMA

 What is it ?????
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• JOIN is a means for combining fields from two

tables.

• Using values common to each.

• Most common scenario is a primary key from

one of the tables matches a foreign key in
second table.
 TYPES
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• Four Types of joins:

1. Inner
2. Outer
3. Left
4. Right

• Self-join-a table can JOIN to itself

 Last Name Department ID

Rafferty 31

Jones 33

EMPLOYEE TABLE Steinberg 33

Robinson 34

Smith 34

John NULL

Department ID Department Name

31 Sales
DEPARTMENT
33 Engineering
TABLE
34 Clerical

35 Marketing
 INNER JOIN
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• Query compares each row of A with each row

of B to find all pairs of rows
• Returns only matching rows
• SELECT * FROM employee
INNER JOIN department
ON employee.DepartmentID = department.DepartmentID

• THREE TYPES:
1. EQUI JOIN
2. NATURAL JOIN
3. CROSS JOIN
 Employee.DepartmentI Department.Departme Department.Departme
Employee.LastName
D ntName ntID

Robinson 34 Clerical 34

Jones 33 Engineering 33

Smith 34 Clerical 34

Steinberg 33 Engineering 33

Rafferty 31 Sales 31
 EQUI JOIN
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• comparator-based join.
• theta join- that uses only equality
comparisons.
• equal sign as the comparison operator
• < or > disqualifies a join as an equi-join.

• SELECT * FROM employee

INNER JOIN department
USING (DepartmentID)
 NATURAL JOIN
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• specialization of equi-joins

• resulting joined table contains only one

column for each pair of equally-named
columns

• SELECT * FROM employee

NATURAL JOIN department
DepartmentID Employee.LastName Department.DepartmentName

34 Smith Clerical

33 Jones Engineering

34 Robinson Clerical

33 Steinberg Engineering

31 Rafferty Sales
 CROSS JOIN
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• Join returns the cartesian product of the sets

of records from the two joined tables.
• Every row in B with every row in A.
• Number of rows in A times the number of rows
in B.
• SELECT * FROM employee
CROSS JOIN department
 OUTER JOIN
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• Does not require each record in the two joined

tables to have a matching record

• retains each record—even if no other

matching record exists.

• Further divided into:

1. Left outer join
2. Right outer join
3. Full outer join
 LEFT OUTER JOIN
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• for table A and B always contains all records of

the "left" table (A)
• even if the join-condition does not find any
matching record in the "right" table (B)
• returns all the values from the left table,
plus matched values from the right table (or
NULL in case of no matching join)
• SELECT * FROM employee
LEFT OUTER JOIN department
ON employee.DepartmentID = department.DepartmentID
 Employee.DepartmentI Department.Department Department.Department
Employee.LastName
D Name ID

Jones 33 Engineering 33

Rafferty 31 Sales 31

Robinson 34 Clerical 34

Smith 34 Clerical 34

John NULL NULL NULL

Steinberg 33 Engineering 33
 RIGHT OUTER JOINS
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• Row from the "right" table (B) will appear in

the joined table at least once.

• SELECT * FROM employee

RIGHT OUTER JOIN department
ON employee.DepartmentID = department.DepartmentID
 Department.DepartmentN Department.DepartmentI
Employee.LastName Employee.DepartmentID
ame D

Smith 34 Clerical 34

Jones 33 Engineering 33

Robinson 34 Clerical 34

Steinberg 33 Engineering 33

Rafferty 31 Sales 31

NULL NULL Marketing 35

 FULL OUTER JOIN
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• combines the results of both left and right outer

joins
• contain all records from both tables
• fill in NULLs for missing matches on either side.

• SELECT * FROM employee

FULL OUTER JOIN department
ON employee.DepartmentID = department.DepartmentID
 Department.Department Department.DepartmentI
Employee.LastName Employee.DepartmentID
Name D

Smith 34 Clerical 34

Jones 33 Engineering 33

Robinson 34 Clerical 34

John NULL NULL NULL

Steinberg 33 Engineering 33

Rafferty 31 Sales 31

NULL NULL Marketing 35

 SELF-JOIN
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• Joining a table to itself

• To find all pairings of two employees in the same
country is desired
EmployeeID LastName Country DepartmentID

123 Rafferty Australia 31

124 Jones Australia 33

145 Steinberg Australia 33

201 Robinson United States 34

305 Smith Germany 34

306 John Germany null

• SELECT F.EmployeeID, F.LastName, S.EmployeeID, S.LastName,
F.Country
FROM Employee F , Employee S
WHERE F.Country = S.Country
AND F.EmployeeID < S.EmployeeID
ORDER BY F.EmployeeID, S.EmployeeID ;
• F and S are aliases for the first and second copies of the employee
table

EmployeeID LastName EmployeeID LastName Country

123 Rafferty 124 Jones Australia

Australia
123 Rafferty 145 Steinberg

Australia
124 Jones 145 Steinberg

305 Smith 306 John Germany

THANKS