CHAPTER 4

DIAGNOSIS TECHNIQUES
 OBJECTIVE
 At the end of this chapter, student should :-
◦ Understand process of disassemble and
assemble of electronic equipment.
◦ Know fault analyzed techniques
◦ Know passive and active components faults
analyze techniques
 Disassemble of Electronic Equipmen
 For disassemble, its better to consult the service manual or documents on specific
equipment provided by the manufacturer.
 Opening the equipment non destructively maybe the most difficult and challenging pa
many repairs.
 Avarietytechniquesareusedtosecurethecoversonelectronicsequipment,including:-
◦ Screw - somewhat antiquated screws are ussually of the Phillips type. There
many type of screws for electronic equipment use.
◦ Hidden screws - there will require the peeling off a decorative label or prying up
plug. For a stick on label, rubbing your finger over it may permit you to locate a
hidden screw hole.
◦ Snaps - Look around the seam between the two halves. You may see points where
gently or forcibly pressing with a screw driver will help unlock the covers.
◦ Fused casing - LCD display housings are usually secured by plastioc catches built i
the case. There still may have a couple of screws that are position in the most
innovative places such as under stiches. Have patience in locating the catches an
screws.
 Reassemble of Electronic Equipmen
 When reassembling equipment repairs, all part
should go together without being forced.
 If you cant get them back together, there must
a reason, which you should find out.
 Make sure the route cables and other wiring suc
that they will not pinched or snagged and possibl
broken, or have their insulation nicked or pierced
 Replace any cable ties that werecut or removed
during dis-assembly and add additional ones
your own, if needed.
 Fault Analyzed Techniques

 Identifying electronic devices damage are bas

on the use of such equipment.

 Before we identify the damages, we must kno

the basic functions of tool that will be repaired.

 From here, we can analyze what damage

symptoms encountered by that tool.
Fault Analyzed Techniques

 There are several techniques to identifying

faults for electronic devices:-
◦ detect symptoms
◦ using injection techniques & signal tracing
techniques.
◦ using voltage measurement technique.
◦ using resistance measurement technique.
◦ Using visual techniques.
 Identify Symptoms
 Each faulty device will have a certainly symptoms th
can guide us to determine the fault. A technician must
have a knowledge of the operations and functions of a
tool.
 For example, a user can know the faulty of the radio
receiver if the sound is not normal.
Equipment Symptom

1 Colour TV Gambar warna dan suara

2 Radio Stereo output

3 Oscilloscope Display

4 Audio generator Audio signal output

Several questions must be answered
before we start any repair work:

• What kind of equipments that we will repair?

• What are the symptoms?

• Will it have a schematic diagram?

• What is the appropriate technique to use?

 Injection & signal tracing
techniques.
 From the symptom that we know, we ca
expect which part is problem.
 For example, a radio receiver that has no voic
or sound, but it have a supply. So, we can
guess which part of the faulty or where we
need to check first.
 So we can say that maybe the speakers
tone control or power amplifier have a
problem.
  Ifthe circuit schematic is not
available, another method is using the tracin
technique.
 The circuit schematic is very important to
show the number of components
and connections.
 This will speed up a repairing process.
 Once we know which part of the circuit
problem, we should think about the techniques
that we want to use.
Tracing Technique
a) Signal tracing

    Means tracing or identify the activities of the signal

flow in the circuit

i. Identify the types of circuits and operating signals in

the circuit to be tested.

Example: If we want to test the amplifier circuit, the

operating signal of the circuit is the audio
frequency signal

ii. Use the appropriate test equipment according to

operating signal circuit.

Example: oscilloscope (device that can display of the

signal)
iii. Connect the oscilloscope probe at a test point (1)
and the oscilloscope will display the audio frequency
signal.

iv. Next connect the oscilloscope probe to the other test

points (test point 2 to 5).

For example - if the oscilloscope does not display the

audio waveform signal at test point 4, this means that the
driver suffered damage.

Note: Audio signal generator is required as an input

signal source.
b) Tracing of printed circuit board (PCB)

Tracing the Printed circuit board should be done before the

signal tracing or signal injection technique is used,
especially if there is no schematic circuit diagram as a
reference.

Some procedure must be determined before we tracing the

PCB:
- Determine the source of input and output.
- Determine the supply line and earth.
- Determine the components serial number.

Trace can be started from the input. If this is difficult

because there are more than one input, we can start from
the out put.
Example of a PCB:

Amplifier circuit
The circuit schematic was traced from the amplifier
circuit board printed.
 Using Injection Techniques
 When we make sure that the power output o
the amplifier is damaged, no need to check the
RF and IF receiver. Continue to check the audio
amplifier.

 The injection technique can be used to

identifying the faulty/damage.

 To perform injection techniques, we have to u

test equipment such as oscilloscope, audio
generator and DC power supply.
Signal Injection Technique
Some things need to be identified:

i. Types of circuits and signals operating in the circuit

to be tested.

Example: - An audio frequency amplifier circuit

- Amplified audio frequency.

ii. Use the appropriate test equipment according to

the operating signal of the circuit.

Example: Audio Signal Generator

iii. Determine the input source of each stage of the

circuit.
iv. Determine the appropriate signal to be injected
     to the input circuit.

Example: For audio frequency amplifier - 1KHz

v. inject 1KHz audio frequency signal from the audio

signal generator to a test point (1), if they is a tone
sound, it means that the speaker is in good condition.

Iv. injection the same signal to the other test points

     (test point 2 to 5).

For example - if there is no tone sounds when a

signal is injected at test point 3,
this means that the driver suffered
damage.
Exercise:

The figure shows a schematic circuit diagram of an audio frequency

amplifiers. Explain the technique of:
i. Signal injection
ii. Signals tracing
2.1.3 Voltage Measurement Techniques
Voltage measurement technique is use when we know
the faulty stage.

- Test point of measuring DC volt:

- Main DC voltage supply
- DC voltages at transistor terminals:
- Vb, Ve, and Vc
AUDIO PRE-AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT

- Normal DC voltages:
Vb = 2.5V
Ve = 1.7V
Vc = 5.5V
AUDIO PRE-AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT

- Analysis of DC voltages :
i. Vb = 0V
Ve = 0V
Vc = 12V
Component fault : R1 open
AUDIO PRE-AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT

- Analysis of DC voltages:
ii. Vb = 3.2 V
Ve = 2.5 V
Vc = 2.6 V
Komponen rosak : R2 terbuka
AUDIO PRE-AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT

- Faulty component : C2 pintas

- Analysis of DC voltages :
ii. Vb = 1V
Ve = 0V
Vc = 3V
2.1.4 Measuring the resistance in the circuit
Make a resistance measurement to determined the
resistance or the value of the components such as:

i. Resistor
ii. Diodes
iii. Transistor
iv. etc.

Several conditions must be observed when making

resistance measurements in the circuit.

For example: other components connected in parallel with

                     measured / tested components.
2.1.4.1 Measuring the resistance of the resistors
When measuring the resistance in the circuit, observe other
components connected to it, especially the component of
low resistance, inductance and transformers.

The resistance will usually be less than the actual value.

If the resistance is more than the actual value, the resistors
may be damage as 'open'.

Make a measurement at least twice by changing the polarity

of the probe meter.
2.1.4.2 Diodes
Measuring forward and reverse bias.

The resistance is low when forward biased and high

when reverse biased, diode can be considered in good
condition.
2.1.4.3 Transistor
Like other components of the low resistive component requirements
should be observed.

Transistor resistance measurement is made as to measure resistance in

the external circuit. If the measurement is normal means that the
transistor is working.

For power transistors, such as the power transistor circuit TV, the base
transistor fed by transformer pacu, resistance of the base and emitter
and collector and emitter (for damper
 Visual Techniques
 Identify damage to electronic devices using
physical method involves several senses such as
sensory or visual, hearing, smell, and touch.

 The first thing to do is to observe the

components or pcb at the suspected area,
whether good or burnt, loose or broken.

 For example, a broken fuse can be seen physica

when a device is turned on, we can also see if
there are smoky effect, sparkling or burnt in the
circuit.
Passive & Active Components
 Passive Components
 Capable of operating without an externa
power source.
 Passive components do not increase the pow
of a signal.
 They often cause power to be lost.
 Typical passive components are resistors
capacitors, and inductors.
 Active Components
 Requiring a source of power to operate.
 Typical passive components are
transistors (all types), integrated circuits
(all types), Triacs, Scrs and Leds