ELECTRICAL MACHINES

Lecturer: Dr. Vuong Dang Quoc

Email: vuong.dangquoc@hust.edu.vn
Phone: +84-963286734

Department of electric and electronic equipments

1
School of Electrical Engineering
 INTRODUCTION

Table of contents
Chapter 1. Transformer
Chapter 2. General issues of rotary machines
Chapter 3. Insynchronous electrical machines
Chapter 4. Synchronous electrical machines
Chapter 5. DC electrical machines

2
 Chapter 2. General issues of rotary machines

Contents

I. Electro-mechanical conversion principles

II. Windings of AC electrical machines
III. EMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

3
 I. Electro-mechanical conversion principles

1. Introduction
1.1 Construction: Electrical rotating machines consist of two main
parts, i.e., Stators, rotors

Both of the stator and rotor contain magnetic circuits and windings
 stator (a static part)
 rotor (a rotating part)

1.2. Working principle: Based on two main laws:

 Faraday‘s law
 Magnetomotive force law

4
 I. Electro-mechanical conversion principles

1. Introduction (continued)

1.3. Classification:
 Depending on the way of creating magnetic fields, constructions of
magnetic fields and windings, the electrical machines is classified as

 Asynchronous electrical machines

 Synchronous electrical machines
 DC electrical machines
 Commutator AC electrical machines

5
 I. Electro-mechanical conversion principles

1. Introduction (continued)
1.4. Working Principle of Asynchronous electrical machine

 Produce a rotating magnetic field in the iron core of stator with the
speed n1:
60.ff – frequency
n1 
p p – number of pole-pairs
 The magnetic field will cut the short-circuit rotor winding, and creat the
induced EMF and current.
 The magnetic field generated by the current flowing in the rotor winding
is associated with the magnetic field of stator to establish a general
magetic field in air slot.
 The mutual interaction between the current flowing in the rotor and
the general magnetic field in the air slot will produce a rotating torque
with the speed n (for n ≠n1).
6
 I. Electro-mechanical conversion principles

1.4. Principle of Asynchronous electrical machine (continued)

 Differences between n and n1 can be expressed via a slip factor s

n1  n
s
n1
 Operation conditions of asynchronous electrical machines are depended
on the relationship between n and n1
- 0 < s < 1 : Electric motor
- s < 0 : Electric generator
- s >1 : brake mode

7
 I. Electro-mechanical conversion principles

1.5. Principle operation of synchronous electrical machine

 The magnetic field Ft generated by the current flowing in the rotor
winding is rotated with speed n, and induces three EMFs eA eB eC (for
frequency f = p.n/60) in the stator windings.
 The currents iA iB iC flowing in the stator windings will create a rotating
magnetic field Fư with the speed n1 = 60f/p
 n = n1 is called synchronous electrical machine
 I. Electro-mechanical conversion principles

1.6. Principle operation of DC electrical machine

Principle operation of this machine is actually the principle operation of
synchronous electrical machine where AC EMFs are converted into DC
EMFs via commutators

1.7. Principle operation of AC electrical machine

Principle operation of this machine is actually the principle operation of
asynchronous electrical machine where commutators are used to give
EMFs to improve power factor and change the speed n
 I. Electro-mechanical conversion principles

2. Overview of Electro-mechanical conversion

Field losses
Electrical losses Mechanical losses

Coupling
Electrical system field Mechanical system

Motor
Energy flow
Generator
 II. Windings of AC electrical machines
1. Introduction
 The windings are important parts which are absent for any
electrical machines. The windings are mounted in both rotor and
stator
 Depending on functions of the windings, they are considered as:

- excitation windings
- armature windings
 II. Windings of AC electrical machines
1. Introduction (continued)
 Functions of windings:
- Generate a given EMF
- Generate a required magnetic field for energy converting process inside
machine

 Requirements for windings:

- good mechanical strength, good conductivity, good thermal strength
- Simple manufacturing, easy assembling, cheap costing…
 II. Windings of AC electrical machines
2. Windings
a. Excitation winding

Rotor winding of salient pole

synchronous electrical machine
 II. Windings of AC electrical machines
a. Excitation windng (continued)

Rotor winding of non-salient pole

synchronous electrical machine
 II. Windings of AC electrical machines
a. Excitation windng (continued)

Excitation winding of DC Machine

 II. Windings of AC electrical machines

b. Armature windings

wave winding

y
stacking winding

2-layer winding
 II. Windings of AC electrical machines

b. Armature windings (continued)

 II. Windings of AC electrical machines

b. Armature windings (continued)

Winding and iron core

 II. Windings of AC electrical machines

c. Coil and pole pitches

 The electrical angle of two side-by-side slots is defined as
p.360o

z z
 Winding pitch: y = τ =
2p
 Phase angle of two EMFs of two effective sides of ended coil is:

p.360o z
 x  180o
z 2p
 II. Windings of AC electrical machines

c. Coil and pole pitches (continued)

 For AC machines, if the angle number of windings is m, then each phase

has Z/m slots
 For one layer winding, the number of ended coils of single phase is
equivalent to Z/2m (ended coil)

 For two layers winding, the number of ended coil is equal to the number of
slots z/m because each acting edge of the ended coil only occupies ½ slot.
 II. Windings of AC electrical machines

d. Construction of winding

Z: number of slots
p : number of pole-pairs

A A Z
 Y
N S

Z C B
Y  

X X
N S

B C
B
C
S N
Z Y
A
X

Number of poles 2p = 2 Number of poles 2p = 4

 II. Windings of AC electrical machines

d. Construction of winding (continued)

m: number of phases
Z
q : number slots of phase per a pole; q 
y : Coil pitch 2mp
Z
 : pole pitch; τ 
2p
=y/, >1 long pitch winding; =1, full pitch winding;
<1 short pitch winding ( - short pitch factor)

a : number of parallel branch circuits

 II. Windings of AC electrical machines

d. Construction of winding (continued)

Diagram of windings of AC machines (q- integral)
Example:
Let us consider an AC machine, for 2p = 2 m = 3, Z =
6. Please construct a diagram of winding of this
machine, knowing that the winding is full coil pitch.
Answer:
For full coil pitch, we have y =  = Z/2p = 3 or y = 1 –
4. This means that an edge is located in the slot 1, and
another is in slot 4.
 II. Windings of AC electrical machines
d. Construction of winding (continued)
Z =6, 2p = 2, m = 3 ,
a=1

1 2 3 4 5 6

A Z B X C Y

Circle diagram Spread diagram

 II. Windings of AC electrical machines
Z =24, 2p = 4, m = 3 , a
A A Z Z =B 1X X C C Y Y A A Z Z B B X
B X C C Y Y

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

ZA B C X Y
Spread diagram of simple diamond
II. Windings of AC electrical machines
Z =24, 2p = 4, m = 3 ,
A AaZ =
Z B1B X X C C Y Y A A Z Z B B X X C C Y Y

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

YA Z B X C
Spread diagram of distributed diamond
winding
 II. Windings of AC electrical machines

 Squirrel cage winding used for:

 Winding of asynchronous motor
 Starting winding

 Squirrel cage winding is established by conducting bars located in the slots of

rotor

 Materials made rotor winding is usually aluminium/copper

 Double-end of conducting bars are connected by two short-rings
 II. Windings of AC electrical machines
Squirrel cage winding (continued)
Rotor is usually made by
-deep slots
-complex slots
-double squirrel cage
to increase starting moment and decrease starting current

Deep slot Double squirrel Complex slots

cage
 II. Windings of AC electrical machines
Squirrel cage winding (continued)

In addition, to increase starting moment and decrease

oscillation of moment, a short-ring is added in the middle of
rotor
 III. EMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

EMF of windings of AC machines

U1, I1 U2, I2
sin sin

Transformer Induction motor

+ -
Synchronous generator
E1= U1 + R1I1 (E>U) U2= E2 + R2I2 (E<U)

As presented, when conducting bars are relatively moved with the magnetic field or
are placed in the variable magnetic field, then EMFs are induced …
 III. EMF of Windings of AC electrical machines
Let us consider an example: a salient pole rotor of synchronous generator
A  stator 

τ
rotor S
N N
-
stator B B1
+
B
S B5 x
rotor
space
C B3

Magnetic flux density B along the air gap between the stator and rotor could be analyzed
by a Fourier sequence
B = B1 + B3 + B5 + … (Bi : high harmonic components).

induce EMF
E = E1 + E3 + E5 +…
 III. EMF of Windings of AC electrical machines
EMF of windings due to the basic magnetic field (B 1):
a. EMF of a conducting bar
B B1
Bx
ees  Bx .l.v
x l
v
B x  B m sin π  B m sin ωi
τ x
. x 2
v   2. .f 0
t T
x 
Magnetic flux under a pole:= B.S=B.τ.l
T 2
1 2
B  Be 
T 2  B m sinωtdt 
0
π
Bm B

Bm
Φπ Be(effective)
 Bm 
2. .l 0
 III. EMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

.π
ees  Bm sin ωt.l.v = sin ωt.l.2τ.f = π.f..sin ωt
2l
π
E es  f.Φ  2,22..f
2

b. EMF of a turn or a bundle (many turns)

1 slot

Et Eb
 III. EMF of Windings of AC electrical machines
 EMF of an ended coil

y
EV  E  E  2 E td sin
' ''
td td
 2
y 
 4, 44 f  k n ; k n  sin  sin 
 2 2

 If a ended coil has many turns ws , then EMF is defined as

E s  4, 44 fws  k n
 III. EMF of Windings of AC electrical machines
 EMF of a ended coil group
EMF of q sequential ended coil located in sequential slots (Fig) is defined as

E q  4, 44 fqws  k n .k r
E q  4, 44 fqws  k dq
k dq  k n .k r

qα
kr 
 geometry E q
 2
sin
Σ algebra E q α
qsin
2
kr spread factor; kn = sin /2 short pitch factor;
 III. EMF of Windings of AC electrical machines
 EMF of single phase winding

E f  4,44 fw  k dq
The effective value

E  E  E  E  ... E  ...
2
1
2
3
2
5 
2

Where
E  4 ,44 f w   k dq 
2 2
   Bm l   Bm l
 
q
 sin 
k n  sin  ; k r  2
2 
q sin 
2
 III. EMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

Note that:
Method to improve EMF wave form:
 Improve magnetic field created by rotor winding (by changing poles, air
gap…)
 Change winding factor of high harmonic components (e.g.,  = 1,  < 1…)

e e

t t

B B

x x
 III. EMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

Example 1: For a quintic wave form:E 5  4,44 f 5 w  5 k dq 5


kn5  sin 5  ;
2

8 
If  = 8/10, then: k n 5  sin 5  sin 2  0
10 2
 E 5  0
 IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

1. General concept
 An AC current I flowing in windings will produce magnetic flux  along
the air gap between stator and rotor. MMF F being pulsating or rotary
depends on current characteristics (1, 3 phases) and kinds of the windings
(1, 2, 3 phases)

 Magnetic flux  consists of:
stator
+ Magnetic field in the airs F
+ Magnetic field in the slots + I
+ Magnetic field in the connections

 In this part, we consider only magnetic field in rotor

the air gap
air gap
 IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

 MMF depends on currents and types of winding,

i.e.,
 MMF created by DC current:
+ is constant in the air, if reluctance is constant
+ is pulsating, if reluctance changes
F = Fmsintsin
Where:  - space angle
t - time angle

 MMF created by AC current:

+ is pulsating, if the current is single phase
+ is rotary, if current are m symmetric phases (m1)
+ is ellipe, if current are not m symmetric phases (m1)
 IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

 Mathematical expression of pulsating MMF:

F = Fm sintcos -space angle

 If t = const  F = Fm1 cos with Fm1 = Fm sint

This means that distribution of F is sinusoidal in the space

 If  = const  F = Fm2 sint with Fm2 = Fm cos

At the , F is transformed in accordance with the time

Thus: Pulsating MMF is a vertical wave (this means that

distribution of F is sinusoidal in the space and transform
according to the time
IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines
IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

 Mathematical expression of rotary MFF:

F = Fm sin(t ± )

If vertical MMF is a constant, then it has

sin(t ± ) = const or t ±  = const
d
  
dt
IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

clockwise rotation counter clockwise rotation

Diagram of rotary vector

 IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

Pulstating MMF is equal to two rotating MMFs, i.e.,

1 1
Fm sin  t cos   Fm sin( t   )  Fm sin( t   )
2 2
 F1  F2
Two rotating MMFs are equal to Pulstating MMF, i.e.,

Fm sin  t   Fm sin  tcos   Fm cos  t sin 

 
 Fm sin  tcos   Fm sin( t  ) cos(  )
2 2
 IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

Eliptic MMF :
 
F  Fm sin  tcos   F sin( t  ) cos(  )
,
m
2 2


F  Fm sin  tcos  Fm sin( t   ) cos(  )
2


F  Fm sin  tcos   Fm sin( t  ) cos(   )
2
 IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines
2. MMF of excitation winding
 Salient pole rotor:

w t It
 MMF of each pole: Ft 
2p
Distribution of MMF is presented as follows: Btm1
kt 
 Btm
m
 m /   1  2, 5

Maximum air gap =

2,5xminumum air gap

k t  0, 95  1,15
 IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

Non-salient pole rotor : MMF is presented as follows


Btm1 8 sin 
kt   2
Btm  2

k t  1, 065  0, 965

 / 2 (1   )  / 2
 IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

3. MMF of armature winding

a. MMF of single phase winding
 /2   /2
i  2 I sin  t

b c
iws / 2 Fs1 Fs 3
i
a d Fs


According to ampere’s law Distribution of MMF in accordance with

in space and sinusoidal variation with
 H .dl  iws
the time are analysed as Fourier
 IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

Fs  Fs1cos   Fs 3 c os3   Fs 5 c os5   ...  Fs cos 

 
 1,3,5..
Fs c os 

 /2
2
Where: Fs 
 
 / 2
Fs cos  d 

And finally, it gets:

Fs 

1,3,5
Fsm c os  sin  t

iws
with Fsm  0, 9

 IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

MMF of one layer winding ( = 1) with q-elements

Fq  
 1,3,5
qFsm k r c os  sin  t

MMF of single phase winding (two layers;  < 1)

Ff  
 1,3,5
2 qFsm k r k n c os  sin  t

Note that: number of turns winding of single phase w = 2pqws

 IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

b. MMF of m-phase winding

The phases are deflected in space 2/m, m-symmetric phase
currents are deflected following the time 2/m

i1  2 I sin  t
2
i2  2 I sin( t  )
m
........
 2 
im  2 I sin  t  ( m  1)
 m 
 IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

F1  
 1,3,5
F f  sin  tc os 

2 2
F2   F f  sin( t  ) c os  (  )
 1,3,5 m m
........
 2   2 
Fm   F f  sin  t  ( m  1)  c os    ( m  1) m 
 1,3,5  m
IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines
Ff Ff
F1  
 1,3,5
F f  sin  tcos  
2
sin( t   ) 
2
sin( t   )

2 2
F2  
 1,3,5
F f  sin( t 
m
) c os  ( 
m
)

Ff  2  Ff  2 
sin  ( t   )  (  1)   sin  ( t   )  (  1)
2  m 2 m 
........
 2   2 
Fm   F f  sin  t  ( m  1)  c os    ( m  1)  
 1,3,5  m   m 
Ff  2 
 sin  ( t   )  ( m  1)(  1)  
2  m 
Ff  2 
 sin  ( t   )  ( m  1)(  1)
2  m 
 IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

For  = 1,3,5, it can be divided in three groups

1)  = mk - symmetric magnetic field

2)  = 2mk+1 – clockwise rotation
3)  = 2mk-1 – counter clockwise rotation
 IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

Let us consider a clockwise rotation group

Ff
F1  sin( t   )
2
Ff  2 
F2  sin  ( t   )  (  1)
2  m 
........
Ff  2 
Fm  sin  ( t   )  ( m  1)(  1)
2  m 
 IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines
 For  = mk
2 2 2
(  1)  (mk  1)  2k  
m m m
For each value of k and m, MMFs are sinusoidal wave rotated
with thesame speed, respective vectors are deflected with 2/m
angle, and generated a symmetric star figure, and its sum equals
zero

 For  = 2mk+1
For each value of k, clockwise rotation MMFs are same phases
and presented as: 2
(  1)  4k
m
m
Ft   F f  sin( t   )
  2 m k 1 2
 IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

 For  = 2mk-1
2 4
(  1)  4k 
m m
For each value of k, MMFs are rotated at the same speed, and
deflected a 4/m angle, and their sum equals 0
 IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

Let us consider a clockwise rotation group

m
Fn   F f  sin( t   )
  2 mk 1 2

m
Finally, it gets: F( m )   F f  sin( t  )
  2 mk 1 2

m w.k dq
For F f   0, 45 m I
2 p
3
For three-phase winding F(3)   F f  sin( t  )
  6 k 1 2

2
For two-phase winding F( 2)   F f  sin( t  )
  4 k 1 2
 IV. MMF of Windings of AC electrical machines

The speed of rotation MMF at the order

n
n  

60 f
For n
p