CHAPTER II

Public Speaking
And
Reports in the
Information Age
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
1. Appreciate the importance and history if public
speaking;
2. Speak in public in an organized and competent
manner; and
3. Analyze speeches and identify perceived strengths
and weaknesses.

2
LESSON 1
Public Speaking
3
PUBLIC SPEAKING
o Public speaking is a process, an act and an
art of making speech before an audience.
o Public speaking involves communicating
information before a large audience.
o What makes public speaking different
than, just talking to a crowd of people, is in
the way information is conveyed.
o In public speaking, the information is
purposeful and meant to inform, influence
or entertain a group of listeners.

“Public speaking is public
utterance, public issuance , of
the man himself; therefore,
the first thing both in time
and importance is that the
man should be and think and
feel things that are worthy of
given forth.”
Dale Carnegie and Esenwein(2007)
an acclaimed public speakers
The importance of public
speaking cannot be denied.
Great speeches have moved
nations to war and revolution
for they inspire and move
people to act.
Also, the most successful and
most powerful people over the
centuries have mastered the
ability to communicate
effectively.
 PUBLIC SPEAKING
o Humans’ ability to communicate using
formalized systems of language sets us
apart from other living creatures on the
Earth.
o it requires you to both know content and
be able to perform a skill well.
o For the Greeks, it was a political in nature
and the spoken word was thought to be
such important skill that citizens were
taught the art of rhetoric.
Early theories of
communication viewed
public speaking as a series
of one-way messages sent
from speaker to audience.

In fact, however, the

The speaker’s ideas and values are
audience participates Thus, and
public speaking is a
tested refined through
along with the speaker in continuous communication
interaction with the audience, and
creating shared meaning processlisteners’
in whichknowledge
messagesandand
and understanding. signals circulate back and forth
understanding are modified through
between speaker
interaction withand listeners.
the speaker .
Early theories of
communication viewed
public speaking as a series
of one-way messages sent
from speaker to audience.

In fact, however, the

audience participates
along with the speaker in
creating shared meaning
and understanding.
Thus, public speaking is a
continuous communication
process in which messages and
signals circulate back and forth
between speaker and listeners.
Insert Image

Great speeches have created

hope in perilous situations,
and have people change their
minds about the world and
their places in it.
Great speeches have created
hope in perilous situations,
and have people change their
minds about the world and
their places in it.
A SHORT HISTORY OF
PUBLIC SPEAKING
11
History of Public Speaking
• Most well-known public speaking
traditions come from the West, specifically
Greco-Roman tradition.
• The Greeks studied the art of rhetoric on
the island of Sicily, and it began with a
practical need.
History of Public Speaking
• Most well-known public speaking
traditions come from the West, specifically
Greco-Roman tradition.
• The Greeks studied the art of rhetoric on
the island of Sicily, and it began with a
practical need.
History of Public Speaking
• Their government had been
overthrown, a new democracy was
formed, and the Greek courts was filled
with clashing property claims.
 TISIAS
Corax’s Student

CORAX
Greek Teacher of
Rhetoric

Proceeded to help citizens when it came to

speaking persuasively in courts of law and this led
to the expansion of the teaching of rhetoric to
mainland Greece.
 A basic speech has
three parts
CORAX
Greek Teacher of • The introduction;
Rhetoric • Evidence; and
• Conclusion

and this simple organization of speeches

has endured throughout the ages.
 • A famous Greek philosopher
• The father of debate
• Who made his students argue for
and against issues of the day, to
sharpen their reasoning skills and
appreciate different sides of an issue.
PROTAGORAS

• A famous Greek philosopher

• The father of modern communication
• Wrote a treatise entitled “Rhetoric”, in
the use of persuasive speaking:
• Logos- “Logical argument”
• Pathos- “emotional argument”
ARISTOTLE • Ethos- “speaker’s credibility”
 “The great orators of the
world did not regard
eloquence as simply an
endowment of nature, but
applied themselves diligently
to cultivating their powers of
expression”
Grenville Kleiser(2009)
In Successful Methods in Public Speaking
Demosthenes
• The most famous Ancient Greece Orator
• Had many flaws in public speaking,
especially his stammer and weak voice.
• So he practiced earnestly by declaiming
on the seashore with pebbles in his
mouth, walking up and downhill while
reciting.
• And so his speeches were known for their
deliberation and forethought.

19
Cicero
• The most famous Roman Orator
• Whose eloquence was described as a
“resistless torrent”
• A stateman who argued that the teaching
of rhetoric should be considered an art
form, and that this could be useful in “all
practical and public affairs
• Believed that in order to prepare a
speech, one should first think of one’s
listeners and their interest and to use
certain strategies to engage the audience
20
Quintilian
• Roman lawyer and educator
• Public speakers should be
ethical

21
“the ideal speaker was a good
man speaking well… a good
speaker is ethical and of high
character, and speaking well
meant being well-informed
and presenting the speech
effectively.”

Morreale (2010)
Women were not allowed However, during the
to speak publicly during pre-colonial times in
these times for a long the Philippines
time

The babaylan are

allowed to speak in These babaylan are
public for the purpose of women priestesses
religious rituals of the community

23
 PHILIPPINES
• Has its own tradition of
public speaking
• It is called differently from
different regions
PHILIPPINES
Among the Tagalogs

Karagatan
is a game wherein young
men and women duel
with each other using
words when it comes to
talking about love
PHILIPPINES

Huwego de Prenda
is a game used to entertain
guests and the bereaved
family during wakes.
 PHILIPPINES
During the American period

Balagtasan
became more widely
known, in order to honor
Francisco Balagtas, a well-
known Filipino Poet
BALAGTASAN
Is an ordinary debate
except that one has to
reason and argue in verse

Two master poets are

assigned to defend the
pros and cons of an And a board of judges
issue sits to determine the
winner.
Americans bought public
education in the Phil.
They also bought their
public speaking traditions.
They distinguish
themselves from the
Spanish by using English
language as a medium
Because of this, the
Filipino public speaking
tradition brings with it the
flamboyant. Poetic
manner that flourished
under the Spanish
colonialization and the
simpler, methodical public
speaking traditions of the
West which is based on
the Greek and Roman
traditions
Americans bought public
education in the Phil.
They also bought their
public speaking traditions.
They distinguish
themselves from the
Spanish by using English
language as a medium
Because of this, the
Filipino public speaking
tradition brings with it the
flamboyant. Poetic
manner that flourished
under the Spanish
colonialization and the
simpler, methodical public
speaking traditions of the
West which is based on
the Greek and Roman
traditions
 THE SPEECH
WRITING PROCESS
 • Audience Analysis
• Purpose of the Speech
• Select a Topic
• Narrowing Down a Topic
• Gather Data

• Select a speech pattern

• Prepare an outline
• Editing and/or Revising
• Create the body of the speech
• Rehearsing
• Prepare the introduction
• Prepare the conclusion
 Audience
Analysis
Profile of your
target audience
• Demography
• Situation
• Psychology
 Purpose
• Informative
Speech
• Entertainment
Speech
• Persuasive speech
 Topic
• Main point of your
speech
• Can be determine
after determining
the purpose
Narrowing
Down the
Topic
Make the main
idea more
specific and
focused
Data Gathering
Collect ideas,
information, sources,
and references
relevant or related to
your specific topic
Writing
Pattern
Structures that
helps organize
the ideas related
to the topic
Outline
Hierarchical list
that shows the
relationship of
your data
 Body of
the Speech
Focus on one
central idea
Gives examples,
explanation and
details
Introduction
Foundation of
the speech
First Impression
Conclusion
Restates main
idea
Summarizes the
speech
Editing/Revising

Correcting
errors
Bataan has fallen
Salvador P. Lopez
 Bataan has fallen.
The Philippine- With heads bloody
American troops on but unbowed, they
this war-ravaged have yielded to the
and bloodstained superior force and
peninsula have laid numbers of the
down their arms. enemy.
 Bataan has fallen.
The Philippine- With heads bloody
American troops on but unbowed, they
this war-ravaged have yielded to the
and bloodstained superior force and
peninsula have laid numbers of the
down their arms. enemy.
 The world will long
remember the epic They have stood up
struggle that Filipino uncomplaining under
and American the constant and
soldiers put up in the grueling fire of the
jungle fastness and enemy for more that
along the rugged three months.
coast of Bataan.
 The world will long
remember the epic They have stood up
struggle that Filipino uncomplaining under
and American the constant and
soldiers put up in the grueling fire of the
jungle fastness and enemy for more that
along the rugged three months.
coast of Bataan.
Besieged on land and blockaded by
sea, cut off from all sources of help
in the Philippines and in America,
the intrepid fighters have done all
that human endurance could bear.
Besieged on land and blockaded by
sea, cut off from all sources of help
in the Philippines and in America,
the intrepid fighters have done all
that human endurance could bear.
 For what sustained them through all
these months of incessant battle was a
force that was more than merely
physical. It was the force of an
unconquerable faith—something in the
heart and soul that physical hardship and
adversity could not destroy!
 For what sustained them through all
Itthese
was the thought
months of nativebattle
of incessant land and
wasall
a
that it holds
force thatmost dear,than
was more the thought
merely of
freedom and dignity
physical. andforce
It was the prideofinan
these
most priceless
unconquerable of all our human
faith—something in the
heart and soulprerogatives.
that physical hardship and
adversity could not destroy!
 For what sustained them through all
Itthese
was the thought
months of nativebattle
of incessant land and
wasall
a
that it holds
force thatmost dear,than
was more the thought
merely of
freedom and dignity
physical. andforce
It was the prideofinan
these
most priceless
unconquerable of all our human
faith—something in the
heart and soulprerogatives.
that physical hardship and
adversity could not destroy!
 For what sustained them through all
Itthese
was the thought
months of nativebattle
of incessant land and
wasall
a
that it holds
force thatmost dear,than
was more the thought
merely of
freedom and dignity
physical. andforce
It was the prideofinan
these
most priceless
unconquerable of all our human
faith—something in the
heart and soulprerogatives.
that physical hardship and
adversity could not destroy!
 Our
The men
adversary,
have fought
in the
a brave
pride of
and
bitterly
his power
contested
and triumph,
struggle.will
All the
credit
worldour
willtroops
testifywith
to the
nothing
most
superhuman
less thanendurance
the couragewith
andwhich
they
fortitude
stood up
that
until
his the
ownlast
troops
in the
facehave
of overwhelming
shown in battle.odds.
 But the decision had to come. Men
fighting under the banner of unshakable
faith are made of something more that
flesh, but they are not made of impervious
steel. The flesh must yield at last,
endurance melts away, and the end of the
battle must come.
 Bataan has fallen,
but the spirit that made it
stand—a beacon to all the
liberty-loving peoples of the
world—cannot fall!
 It was the vindication
All of us know of a seemingly
the story of unreasonable faith. It
Easter Sunday. It was the glorious
was the triumph resurrection of a
of light over leader, only three
darkness, life days before defeated
and executed like a
over death.
common felon.
Today, on the commemoration of
that Resurrection, we can humbly
and without presumption declare
our faith and hope in our own
resurrection, our own inevitable
victory.
 We, too, were betrayed by
Judases.
We haveWebeen
werewith
taken in the
mock
night by force
symbols of arms, and
of sovereignty,
though
deniedweby had done wrong
weaklings, lashedto
no man,
with our people
repeated were
oppression,
bound and delivered
tortured into the
and starved.
hands of our enemies.
 But we know that the patient and
We have been given gall to
watching men who said their simple
drink, and we have shed our
prayers in the hills of Bataan, have not
blood. To those who look upon
lost faith, and we know that the
us from afar it must seem the
hushed congregations in the churches
Filipino people have
throughout the land, drew from the
descended into hell, into the
gospel as Mass renewed hope in their
valley of death.
resurrection.
To all of them we give today
the message of the angel of
Easter morning: “Be not
afraid, for He is risen.”
 We, too, shall rise.
After we have paid the full
price of our redemption,
we shall return to show
the scars of sacrifices that
all may touch and believe.
 No wall of stone shall then be
When the trumpets sound
strong enough to contain us, no
the hour we shall roll aside
human force shall suffice to hold us
the stone before the tomb
in subjection, we shall rise in the
and the tyrant guards
name of freedom and the East
shall scatter in confusion.
shall be alight with the glory of our
liberation.
 Speech to the
Troops at Tilbury
Queen Elizabeth I
 Best Practices of
Public
LESSON 2 Speaking
The Tools Needed in Critical
in Critical/Creative Reports
75
 INTRODUCTION
• Great speakersLASTS
FIRST IMPRESSION have been
called hypnotic,ofmagnetic
• The beginning and
your public
speech is theand
charismatic most
it’simportant
not just
part
because of the compelling
• The first 5-10 seconds of you and
your speechmessage
are crucial.
But because
• It is of the
the foundation captivating
of your speech
• manner
Primary goal they
is todeliver these
get the attention
of your audience.
speeches, as well.
PERFORMANCE
• Speeches are performances
• Delivered best if they have authenticity
and earnestness.
• Honest + Sincerity = Response
• Response + Relate = Strongly response
• Sense of humor helps break the ice
• Showing of vulnerability and concern
makes the audience feel closer to the
speaker
PLAN THE SPEECH
• It is important to express oneself in
an expressive and articulate manner.
• Choose words carefully. BE
SENSITIVE
• Builds on the foundation of LOGOS,
PATHOS and ETHOS.
• One must also nurture a speaking
style that is effective.
• Speaking style varies from one
person to another.
EYE CONTACT
• One way to be authentic is to make eye
contact with the audience and to speak
in a manner that touches them
• It helps engaging the audience
• If one is having a hard time making eye
contact, try to pick out 3 people from
the audience and make a mental
triangle from one’s position and make
eye contact with them instead of the
rest of the people in the room.
EYE CONTACT
• If one is truly hesitant on making eye
contact, one may look at people’s
forehead which creates the illusion of
making eye contact without actually
doing it
• If one is comfortable making eye
contact, pick out people who seem
friendly or accommodating to look at
so that one feels confident and at ease.
SPEAKING STYLE
• DIFFERENT PEOPLE HAVE
DIFFERENT STYLE
• One can only find one’s personal
style through constant practice
• One can be as calm, trustworthy and
reasonable with their hand gestures
seem more open and thoughtful
• Or one can bursts with passion and
bombast, with pointing and
punching in the air to make a strong
impression
HAND GESTURES
• Hand gestures can create as much of an
impact as the content of the message
• Must always look smooth and natural
than stiff and robotic
• Can be useful signposts in making a point
• Although intuitive in nature, it can be
extremely useful if use effectively.
• Note that it is culturally informed
• Some of the gestures are rude
• It is important to be able to match the
gestures to one’s audience
 RECORDING THE
SPEECH
• Videotape speakers is one of the best
practices in public speaking, then let
them watch themselves for feedback.
• They can watch for flaws and
mannerisms so they can correct it
• They’ll observe their fillers such as
“uhms” and “uhhs” that are distracting
• One can see gestures that need to be
eliminated
• Also, to see if one is smiling
PEER EVALUATION
• Feedback from people is important and
a great tool to improve one’s speech
and speaking style
• Teachers, coaches and peers could
provide feedback when it comes to the
effectivity and impact of one’s speech
• Observations can range from one’s
posture, facial expression and general
appearance
• Can be done alone while rehearsing in
front of a mirror
APPEARANCE
• It is important to look credible and
worthy of respect
• One’s dresses should match the kind
of audience one wants to impress
• FIRST IMPRESSION LASTS
• THE FIRST FIVE TO TEN SECONDS
OF PRESENTING ONESELF IS
CRUCIAL
CLOTHING
• Usually, suit and tie for men at the
most formal level or at the very least,
long-sleeves button-down shirts,
slacks and leather shoes. While for
women, a pantsuit or a formal coat and
skirt ensemble or a long dress for
formal events.
• Could also depends on the tradition
and culture of one’s country or region
• In our country, the use of slack and
barong for men, and filipiñana for
women are acceptable.
GOOD GROOMING
• It is a MUST
• Extends from one’s hair to one’s nails
• As long as one looks neat and clean,
should satisfy most of the audience’s
requirements
• Also, one should know the cultural
expectations of the audiences
• Some audiences may require heavy
make-up for women, don a hijab or
high heels.
VISUAL AIDS
• We’re living in a 21st century
era wherein it has become de
rigueur to have visual aids.
• Such as infographics,
PowerPoint presentations,
video or audio clips which are
acceptable and commendable
as long as it is relevant to the
topic.
PPT Presentation
• Ensure that the TEXT is not too small
• 24 is the acceptable font size or
larger
• Should be in dark colors for easy
reading
• NOT TEXT-HEAVY
• Visually oriented with the use of
photographs, illustrations, charts and
other visual
• SIX by SIX rule, no more than 6 bullets
and each bullets should be no more
than 6 words
PPT Presentation
• It is good to use animation but it
would be best if this feature would
not be overuse
• One slide for every 2 minutes is a
good rule of thumb
• One must rehearse while using
the presentation
• Check first the equipment before
the speech
HANDOUTS
• It would be best for the audience
so that they could follow your
speech
• In case they are lost their
attention during the speech, they
could go back to the topic by
looking at the handouts
• The audience would not struggle
taking down notes
FEEDBACK
• The speaker should give attention to
the non-verbal language of the
audience
• The non-verbal language of the
audience are their feedback to the
speaker
• Through their non-verbal language, the
speaker could see if the audiences are
enjoying the speech or getting bored or
they’re agreeing or not.
• The speaker should be more responsive
and sympathetic to match the
audience’s visual cues
CONCLUSION
• Restates the main idea
• Emphasizes the message
• Primary goal is to leave the audience
with memorable statement
Public Speaking is a
dynamic performance
that is meant to
disseminate information,
create greater awareness

THEREFORE,
and evoke emotions in
the audience
It has been used to Most important speeches in the
promote human rights on world have had material effects and
the street and to create made a significant change in the
policies in the world and these still affect the
Such as Martin Luther King, Jr.
government world today, long after the
speakers have already gone.
LESSON 3
TED Talks and
Critical/Creative Thinking in
Today’s Society 103
People with good speaking skills It is important to
with mediocre ideas get more
attention than people with know that CONTENT
great ideas but average IS THE KING
And that’s actually a
speaking skills

According to John Bates, “ I think the

problem!!!
world needs people with great ideas to
have the communication skills to match,
because we need those ideas more than
ever.”
 Whatever one All the research in the
wants to talk world would not matter if
about, it should one does not feel strongly
come from a place about the topic
of passion
One’s enthusiasm for the subject
should shine, and it should be
something worth sharing to the
world.
After all, the slogan of TED Talks is,
“Ideas Worth Sharing”
And NOT “A Few OK Ideas”
 When people speak The opposite should
in front of people, take place where
they are already on a speakers should use
place of vulnerability their emotions to
connect to the audience
Which is why people
It makes them more
tend to freeze up or
relatable and more
are afraid of sharing
accessible
their emotions
Personal anecdotes are
great ways to connect
to an audience
 It is important to Because that will
speak SLOWLY so the
audience could surely leave a bad
understand the
concepts one talks
impression
about
One should fight the temptation to
speak as fast as one can in order to
get it over with
What Reality Are
You Creating?
Isaac Lidsky
What Makes A
Good Life?
Robert Waldinger
THAT’S ALL, THANK YOU!
122