EARTH SCIENCE

 Is the study of our earth,

its life-supporting
properties, materials, and
geologic processes
Introduction occurring in its layers; and
Earth Science important natural changes
in its over-all environment.
It is interrelated with other
sciences:

Geology
Oceanography
Meteorology
Astronomy
Geology
- is the study of the materials and processes that
operate beneath and upon the Earth’s surface.
 Oceanography
- is the study of the composition and movements of
seawater, as well as coastal processes, and marine life.
 Meteorology
- deals with the study of the atmosphere and the
elements that produce weather and climate.
 Astronomy
-is the study of the universe, our planet’s origin, and the
members of the solar system.
ORIGIN OF THE
UNIVERSE
“ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE”
Cosmology
is the study or the universe, including its
properties, structure, and evolution.
The Universe began 10-15 billion years ago, when a
primordial explosion called the Big Bang occurred. The first three
minutes after, great quantities of hydrogen and helium were
created, spanning apart at great speeds. About 3 million years
later huge clouds, stretching 500 million light years across,
began to condense. After about 200 million years, these
condensations formed the first galaxies – the birthplace of the
stars
and elements heavier than hydrogen and helium.
“BIG BANG”
- all of the energy and matter of the universe were
compressed into a hot and dense state. About 13.7 billion years
our universe began as a cataclysmic explosion, which continued
to expand, cool, and evolve to its current state.
Our sun and planetary system were formed 5 billion years
later.
1930 – the American astronomer Edwin P. Hubble showed
the universe is expanding.
CREATIONIST THEORY
This theory states that God, the Supreme Being created the
whole universe out of nothing.
OSCILLATING UNIVERSE THEORY
George Gamow.
He said that the expansion of the universe will eventually
come to a halt then it collapses up to the time that the universe
will return to its original form and another Big Bang will occur.
STEADY – STATE THEORY
This theory states that the universe has always been the
same since the beginning and will remain in its present state.
It further claims that new galaxies appear as a result of the
drifting apart of other galaxies.
OUR EXPANDING
UNIVERSE
 The universe or sometimes called cosmos is still expanding
in a Doppler red shift in the light we receive. The red shift also
called cosmological red shift shows an increasing distance
between us and other galaxies in the universe.
Red shifted galaxy light shows not only that the universe is
expanding but also that is expanding more slowly. Every bit of
matter in the primordial explosion is attracted by gravity
toward every bit of matter, resulting in a continuous slowing
down of the expansion.
ORIGIN OF THE
SOLAR SYSTEM
 In 1796 Marquis de Laplace, a French astronomer
proposed the nebular hypothesis:
a. That the solar system evolved from a slowly rotating
gaseous cloud.
b. As it cooled by radiation and contracted, it rotated faster
and faster, causing the gas to take a disk-like form.
c. At a certain speed the gravitational attraction could no
longer hold the outer material to the central mass, and it
broke into a ring. This material condensed and formed a
planet.
d. The process continued, forming planets at various
distances from the sun. the moons around the planets
were formed by the same process.
 About 1900, theorist proposed the passing of another star
close to the sun, producing great tidal bulges on the sun.

Gravitational energy is converted to heat energy causing the

internal temperature to dramatically rise. The dust gram broke
up into molecules and extremely energetic atom particles.
Materials such as iron, and nickel and rock-forming elements like
silicon , calcium
, and sodium
formed metals and
rocky clamps that orbited the sun.
 Repeated collision caused these masses to coalesce into
four inner planets:
 Mercury
 Venus
 Earth
 Mars
At the same time, the large outer planets
 Jupiter
 Saturn
 Uranus
 Neptune
we also developing.
FORMATION OF THE
SOLAR SYSTEM
Planets are classified into two groups:
 The terrestrial
 The jovian
The Terrestrial Planets
are the four planets closest to the Sun
 Mercury
 Venus
 Earth
 Mars
each has a solid mineral-containing crust and earth-like
composition, which is why they are called terrestrial.
The Jovian Planets
 Jupiter
 Saturn
 Uranus
 Neptune
jovian planets are describe as gas giants in the solar
system as Jupiter-like.
pluto is not included in either category because of its great
distance and small size.
INNER PLANETS OF
THE SOLAR SYSTEM
Mercury
 The closest planet to
the sun – but not the
hottest.
 Has the shortest year
and longest day.
 The sun moves
backwards for a while
every day.
 The smallest planets.
Venus
 The hottest planet of
the solar system
 Rotates in the wrong
direction
 The slowest rotating
planet – but doesn’t
have the longest day
 Closest planet to earth –
in distance and in size.
Earth
 Largest inner planet
 Densest planet of the
solar system
 Has (proportionally) the
biggest moon of any
planet.
 Is the only planet known
to support life.
Mars
 Last and coldest of the
inner planets
 Half the diameter of the
earth
 Has two tiny moons
 After earth, the most
explored planet in the
solar system.
OUTER PLANETS OF
THE SOLAR SYSTEM
Jupiter
 The largest planet of
the solar system
 Has the most moons
(79)
 Has the largest moon
(Ganymede) which is
bigger than mercury
 Has the shortest day
of any planet.
Saturn
 The second largest
planet
 Most extensive ring
system of any planet
 Ring less than 1km
thick, but thousands of
km wide.
 Has a “great white
storm” which reoccurs
every Saturnian year.
Uranus
 The first planet to be
discovered
 Spins on its side
 Has at least 13 ring all
of which are darker
than Saturn’s
 Only ever visited once
(1986).
Neptune
 Has the longest year of
any planet
 Coldest temperature of
-220°C
 Ring system has arcs
rather than rings.
Pluto
 Largest dwarf planet
 Not anymore included
in the solar system
 Planetary orbits are
circular
 Most elliptical
 Smaller than our moon
 Charon
OTHER MEMBER OF
THE SOLAR SYSTEM
Asteroids
 Small rocky bodies
 Some are irregular in
shape
 Ceres
 Hermes
 Vesta
 Asteroids which are
smaller than a few
hundred kilometers are
called meteoroids.
Meteoroids
 Is a streaking light
which lasts for a few
seconds.
 Shooting star
 Meteor (falling star)
 Meteorite
Comet
 Greek word “Long –
haired”
 Body of rock, iron, ice
and gasses.
 Most spectacular
bodies in the solar
system.
 Visible only when they
are within the orbits of
Saturn.
 Kuiper belt or Oort
cloud
 Halley comet
Sun
 Glowing ball of gas – like
material “Plasma”
 Our principal source of
heat
Parts of the Sun
Photosphere
- The visible surface of the sun.
- This surface is what we see and there the diameter of the
sun is taken.
Chromosphere
- is the region of prominences which is visible during a solar
eclipse.
Corona
- a crown of light seen during a solar eclipse.
Sunspots
- are created by strong magnetic fields, typically twice the
size of the earth.
Moon
Our moon is one of the
largest in solar system. It has
a diameter of 346 000 km. its
gravitational pull is 1/6 of the
earth, the moon began with a
molten surface, cooled too
rapidly for plate motion,
formed an igneous crust
thicker than the Earth’s and
underwent intense meteoroid
bombardment early in its
evolution.
 Three billion years ago, the moon was formed by
bombardment and volcanic activity filled with lava to produce a
surface. It is too little to have an atmosphere and so the eroding
agents have been meteoroid impacts.
The moon rotates slowly, about once every 27 days. The
rotational rate matches the rate at which it revolves around the
earth and this explains why the same side of the moon is always
facing the earth.
Stars
The Stars
Astronomers divide the
night sky into groups of
stars called constellation.
ACTIVITY