Renewable Energy

Energy that is unending

A renewable form of energy can

be produced as quickly as it is
used.

January 13, 2008

 Forms of renewable
energy
Biofuels sources

Biomass

Geothermal power

Hydro power

Solar power

January 13, 2008

Tidal power
Renewable energy effectively uses natural resources such
as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat, which
are naturally replenished. Renewable energy technologies
range from solar power, wind power,
hydroelectricity/micro hydro, biomass and bio fuels for
electricity.

January 13, 2008

 RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

HYDROGEN
ENERGY

BIO MASS WIND

ENERGY ENERGY

SOLAR
ENERGY

January 13, 2008

 RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

HYDROGEN
ENERGY
BIO MASS WIND
ENERGY ENERGY

SOLAR
ENERGY

January 13, 2008

January 13, 2008
 About 13 percent of the world
primary energy comes from
renewable energy sources

Hydropower
is the largest renewable source
providing 2-3% of the total energy.
January 13, 2008
January 13, 2008
Amount of hydro power used as
renewable energy for producing
power as per 2005 census in total
renewable energy produced.

 large scale hydro—58.23%

Small scale hydro-5.12%

January 13, 2008

 Renewable use of
the Hydrogen

January 13, 2008

Preview
Hydrogen: a solution to world energy
challenges
- supply, security, local/regional pollution, climate
change

Basic research challenges and hydrogen

usage solutions
- production
- storage
- use in fuel cells
January 13, 2008 nanotechnology for the hydrogen economy 12
Preview

The hydrogen economies

- incremental: where we are now
- mature: where we need to be
- economical usage of renewable hydrogen

January 13, 2008 nanotechnology for the hydrogen economy 13

 The Hydrogen
Economy
H2O
solar
wind
automotive
fuel cells
hydro

nuclear/solar gas or consumer

thermochemical H2 hydride H2 electronics
cycles storage
stationary
fossil fuel electricity/heat
bio- and generation
bio-inspired reforming
+
carbon capture

production storage use

in fuel cells

9M tons/yr 4.4 MJ/L (Gas, 10,000 psi) $3000/kW

8.4 MJ/L (LH2) ~ $300/kW
mass producton

150 M tons/yr $30/kW

(light trucks and cars in 2040) 9.72 MJ/L (Internal Combustion Engine)
(2015 FreedomCAR Target)

January 13, 2008 nanotechnology for the hydrogen economy 14

Combustion

replace fossil fuels in

heat engines/heat sources

gas turbines internal combustion engines

electricity generation BMW: 184 hp, 133 mph
190 mile range
jet engines
liquid hydrogen/gasoline
H2/natural gas mixtures
space heat, stoves Ford, Mazda, Hydrogen Car Co
within technological
reach
January 13, 2008 nanotechnology for the hydrogen economy 15
Hydrogen Use Yesterday:
Fuel Cells
Pt
H2 electricity

metal
eliminate combustion and heat
from energy conversion
monolayer catalysts
up to 60% efficiency -
e Pt/metal substrate
Pt/Pd
O2

catalytic activity
H2 + +
+ Pt
Pt/Au
+ Pt/Rh
+
Pt/Ir
O O + +
SO3- SO3- + Pt/Ru
+ + H2 O
H+ H H+ H metal substrate
SO3- SO3-
O O

better membranes designed nanoscale better catalysts

architectures less Pt
higher temperature higher activity
higher ion conductivity

January 13, 2008 nanotechnology for the hydrogen economy 16

Hydrogen Storage Yesterday:
Gas and Liquid

gaseous storage
liquid storage
5000 psi = 350 bar standard in stationary applications
10000 psi = 700 bar portable cryogenics for auto
fiber reinforced 30-40% energy lost to liquifaction
composite containers

within technological reach

January 13, 2008 nanotechnology for the hydrogen economy 17

Hydrogen Production Today:
Reform Fossil Fuels CO2

CO, H2
methane steam water-shift
4 H2
CH4 reforming cleanup

energy content conserved

H2O H2 O

need 10 - 15 times today’s production

for light trucks and cars in 2040
technology in place
incremental effect on energy
Energy Impact
• depletion of fossil resource
• dependence on foreign supply
• fossil pollution unchanged
• greenhouse emissions unchanged

January 13, 2008 nanotechnology for the hydrogen economy 18

ogen Storage Tomorrow: Solid State
300 mile driving range ⇒ storage density higher than liquid H2
short refill time, good acceleration ⇒ fast charge, release rates
grand challenge for hydrogen economy
H H
H H
Pt

V
composite nanostructured media
Pt

core-shell
nanoparticle medium near-surface alloys
high surface area sub-surface atom controls surface behavior
H2 gas • low H2 surface binding energy
shell : dissociation • high H2 surface dissociation rate
H2 ⇔ 2 H
design by computer modeling
~ 10 nm
multi-node clusters, density functional theory
core: high density storage target promising nanoscale architectures
nanoscale ⇒ fast transit time

January 13, 2008 nanotechnology for the hydrogen economy 19

Hydrogen Production
Tomorrow: Splitting
abundant resource
H2O
O2 H2 no geopolitical constraints
environmentally benign

2H2O 4H+ + 4e-

-
Mn
+ O Mn O
Mn O O
O
Mn O Mn
Mn O
O Mn
O Mn O
photosystem II

solar electrolysis
functional integration
at the nanoscale
molecular transfer of
energy and charge
6-18% efficiency in laboratory
porphyrin nanotube hybrids
bio-inspired nanoscale
assemblies porphyrin: harvests light
inexpensive Mn catalyst Pt, Au: catalyst & electrodes
room temperature assembly splits water
“one molecule at a time” in sunlight

nanoscale hydrogen production

January 13, 2008 nanotechnology for the hydrogen economy 20

The Two Hydrogen
Economies
fuel cell splitting
operation water

solid state
storage
energy payoff

incremental: mature:
within reach of breakthroughs in
commercial technology basic science/materials

gas/liquid combustion in
storage heat engines
fossil fuel
reforming

research need

nanoscience bridges the gap

January 13, 2008 nanotechnology for the hydrogen economy 21

 Thus ,
we can now confidently
say that renewable sources
can provide us with better
sources for energy.

January 13, 2008

 Thanking you.

January 13, 2008

 Quiries?

January 13, 2008

 Presenting By
B.Raghavendra varma & Y.Srinivas ,

EEE-I ,
ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE,
SURAMPALEM,
EAST GODAVARI DISTRICT.

January 13, 2008