‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

‫‪1‬‬
 OPERATING SYSTEM
 Platform to run processes.
 Execute instructions.
 Makes connection between devices and
processes.
 Layer to make Hardware to communicate
with Software and other devices attached
or built-in.
 A Big Software of Combination of small
software.
Boot Loader: Program which loads OS.
Kernel: The King of Operating System.
Multiple Kernels in Linux.

2
First Operating system: UNIX
Open source
UNIX: Developed in 1969 for
US ARMY by AT&T.
Become Open Source in 1970 HP
Mother of IT. OS: HP-UX
Operating System: MAC OS
GUI- very popular in
Graphics. NOVEL SUN
Operating system: SUSE OS: SUSE OS: SUN OS
GUI- very popular in
Graphics.
First OS: SUN OS
 Later OS: Solaris
 Company Sold to Oracle
UNIX
OPEN SOURCE
more than 1 year ago MICROSOFT RED HAT
 First OS: RED HAT LINUX OS: WINDOWS OS: RED HAT LINUX
 First Version: 0.01
 Graphical OS
HP Operating system: HP-UX
IBM Operating System: AIX
APPLE IBM
First OS: MS-DOS VER 1.0. OS: MACOS OS: AIX
in 1981
MS-DOS versions:1.0-3.1x
Later OS: Windows 1.0
in 1985.
Windows Ver.: 1.0,2.0-3.1,
NT 3.1-4.0,95,98-2000,XP, 3
Vista,7,8,Home Server, Server 2003,
Server 2008,Server 2008 R2,Sever 2011.
 LINUX HISTORY
What is LINUX?

 Operating System Based on UNIX.

 Developed by Linus Torvalds on
5th October,1991.
 Under the model of free and open source
software development and distribution.

4
RED HAT LINUX 5 FEATURES
 Can be enhanced up-to unlimited features.
 What ever feature you think can be
created in Linux.
 LINUX is not Registry Based like Windows.
 Server OS.
 Big Domain OS
 Easy to take Back-up & Trouble shoot.
 Virus free OS.

5
 BOOT PROCESS OF LINUX
1- Post When computer is powered up. It passes control to BIOS.
2- BIOS Basic Input Output System
3- CMOS (All the information save on CMOS)
4- DISK
5- MBR Master Boot Record is the1st sector of hard disk size of 466bytes
6- IPL Initial Program Loader installed on MBR. It redirect boot load to Grub.
7- Grub Grub is install on /boot
8- Boot Loader Phase In boot loader phase press any key within 5 second to start
Windows or Linux
9- Kernal Initialization Phase In this phase Kernal sense all the hardware plugged with
it. (Kernal Name in Linux: vmlinuz* [e.g. vmlinuz 2.6][*=version]
10- Fint Phase It is also called Run Level Phase contain list of services that
startup after Kernal process. This phase check all the services
available and display OK in green color if the service is ok or failure
report. All the services are divided into groups in Linux. Those group
of services are know as Run level.

6
 RED HAT LINUX 5
GATEWAYS (INTERFACES)

7 GATEWAYS BY DEFAULT
1 GUI
6 CLI
CAN BE INCREASED UPTO 12 GATEWAYS

7
 RED HAT LINUX 5
RUN LEVELS
"Run-level" defines the state of the machine after boot.
Run-level 0: Shutdown/Power off
Run-level 1: Single user mode/emergency mode
Run-level 2: Not in use
Run-level 3: CLI mode with all services
Run-level 4: Not in use
Run-level 5: GUI mode with all services
Run-level 6: Reboot mode

8
 Directory Structure of LINUX 5
Structure / directory Structure of Linux
Linux is directory based structured and windows is register based.
bin data etc lib media mnt opt root selinux sys tmp var
boot dev home Lost+found misc net proc sbin srv tftpboot usr
1- /bin - In bin folder those command exist that can be execute by all users.
2- /sbin - This folder contain those commands that root user can execute
3- /misc - By default empty.
4- /opt - By default empty.
5- /mnt - By default empty.
6- /home - Personal profile / user settings. All users profile will be in /home folder except
administrator. Administrator profile exits in /root folder.
7- /tmp - All temporary files are in tmp folder.
8- /boot - All sensitive files of system are in boot folder like boot and kernel.
9- /usr - All installed programs in linux are stored in usr like programs files.
10- /etc - The most important folder for Administrator. All configuration files are kept in it (user
configuration files, password configuration files and network configuration files etc.)
11- /lib - Contain all library files like dll.
12- /media - All removable device like CD-ROM, USB etc.
13- /var - Var for variable. All log files are in var forlder.
14- /lost+found - If lost+found folder exist in any place that means it is a partition.
15- /proc - Processes. All running process are in / proc folder. This is the only directory of run-time. All
data that is running will be temporary store in it. All file and folder running in it will be read only.
# /proc/meminfo memory information.
16- /selinux - Security Enhance Linux. A software developed by NSA (national security of America)
with this software we can enhance security of network and security of our system. # system-
config-security level & enable.
9
 User and Groups
Administrations
There are two categories of users in every OS.
In Linux:
1- Super User
2- Custom Users
1- Super User: The one and only user in linux. It is
unique and most powerful user. Root user.
‘#’ shows “root user” working.
2- Custom Users: All new users that we create are
custom users/Non-admin users.

10
 LINUX FILE SYSTEM
 /
>ext3 file system. Ext3: Third Extended File System.
>Compulsory Partition.
 /boot
>Optional
>100MB by default
>not compulsory
 Swap (In Windows: Virtual Memory)
>swap file system
>end user cannot use swap partition as
partition. No icon anywhere in OS for swap.
>SWAP: RAM x2 (its wrong).
 CD/DVD File System
>CRAM file System. CRAM: Compressed ROM File
system.
11
 LINUX QUALITIES
 CHANGEABLE FEATURES.
 NEW FEATURES CAN BE INTRODUCED.
 VERSATILE OPERATING SYSTEM.
 MOST USED WORLDWIDE ENTERPRISE
OPERATING SYSTEM IN LINUX
FLAVOURS.

12
13
14
15