SINGLY REINFORCEMENT

BEAM
 ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN (USD)
In the USD method, the criterion that must be satisfied in the selection of a member
is
Factored load ≤ factored strength

The factored load is equal to the sum of all service loads, each multiplied by its own
load factor. The factored strength is the theoretical strength multiplied by a resistance
factor (strength reduction factor). Thus
where
Qi = a load effect (a force or moment)
γi = a load factor
Rn = nominal resistance
 = resistance factor
 Rn = design strength
γi Qi = factored load
 The load factors and resistance factors are introduced to limit the probability of
failure and yet permit economical structures. To arrive properly at a suitable factor of
safety, the relative importance of various items are considered and these includes:

1. Seriousness of failure, either to human or goods.

2. Reliability of workmanship and inspection.
3. Expectation of overload and to what magnitude.
4. Importance of the member in the structure.
5. Chance of warning prior to failure.
 NSCP Provisions for load factors and load
combination:

1.) U= 1.4D + 1.7L [409-1]

2.) U= 0.75(1.4D+1.7L+1.7W) [409-2]
3.) U= 0.9D+1.3W [409-3]
4.) U= 1.3D+1.1L+1.1E [409-4]
5.) U= 0.9D+1.1E [409-4]
6.) U= 1.4D+1.7L+1.7H [409-4]
7.) U= 0.9D+1.7H [409-4]
8.) U= 0.75(1.4D+1.4T+1.7L) [409-4]
9.) U= 1.4(D+T) [409-4]
where:
D = dead load
E = earthquake load
F = fluid with well-defined pressures
H = load due to lateral earth pressures, groundwater pressure, pressure of bulk
materials
L = live load
T = self-straining force i.e., differential settlement, creep, shrinkage
W = wind load

If resistance to loadings due to weight and pressure of fluids with well-defined densities
and controllable maximum heights F is included in design, such loading shall have a load
factor of 1.4 and be added to all loading combinations that include live load.
 
If resistance to impact effects is taken into account in design, such effects shall be
included with live load L.
Typical resistance factors are as follows:

Situation Resistance factor, 

Flexure, without axial load 0.90
Axial tension and axial tension with flexure 0.90

Shear and torsion 0.85

Compression members, spirally reinforced 0.75
Compression members, other 0.70
Bearing on concrete 0.70
Plain concrete: flexure, compression, shear, and bearing 0.65

Advantages of USD
1. more likely to be economical when LL/DL < 3.0.
2. more uniform reliability for all concrete structures regardless of the loads.
3. facilitates the introduction of advances in knowledge in concrete design.
 
•   Singly-Reinforced Rectangular Beam – Analysis for
Flexure

Forces:C=0.85c’ b T= s y
C=T 0.85 c’ ab =s y
= let ρ=

= =

let m= = ρdm
Moments:

where:
Ru   f y  1   m / 2 
Strain Diagram:

using Es = 200x103 MPa

Code Provisions: For design of singly reinforced
beams

To ensure yielding failure:

To avoid sudden tensile failure :

To control deflection,
• 
Finding required steel area given ,b and
d.
NSCP Table 409-1 – Minimum Thickness of Nonprestressed Beams
or One-way Slabs
Unless Deflections are Computed
Values given shall be used directly for members with normal weight concrete
(wd = 2300 kg/m3) and Grade 415 reinforcement. For other conditions, the
values shall be modified as follows:
 
1. For structural lightweight concrete having a unit weight in the range
1500-2000 kg/m3, the values shall be multiplied by (1.65 – 0.0003wc) but
not less than 1.09, where wc is the unit weight in kg/m3.
2. For fy other than 415 MPa, the values shall be multiplied by (0.4 +
fy/700).

Desirable proportion of beam dimensions: d = 1.5b to 2.0b

 Singly-Reinforced Rectangular Beam
Investigation Problem
 
Case 1. Steel yields first, fs = fy
1.1 Compute the ultimate moment capacity of the beam using fc’ = 21 MPa and fy = 276
MPa.
Compute balance steel ratio

Compute actual steel ratio

 Compute depth of stress
block

Compute nominal moment capacity

Compute ultimate moment capacity

 Singly-Reinforced Rectangular Beam
Investigation Problem
Case 2. Steel does not yield, fs < fy

Compute the ultimate moment capacity of the beam using fc’ = 21 MPa and fy = 414
MPa.

Solution.
Compute balanced steel ratio
Compute actual steel ratio

Consider strain diagram

Consider stress diagram
Compute nominal moment capacity

Compute ultimate moment capacity

 Singly-Reinforced Rectangular Beam
Design Problem

1.3 Design a singly reinforced rectangular beam for flexure to carry the factored loads
shown. Use fc’ = 21 MPa, fy = 276 MPa and  = 0.18fc’/fy to control deflection.
Compute factored loads and factored moments

by symmetry:
Compute design constants
Determine beam dimensions
Compute flexural steel at supports
Compute flexural steel at midspan
Details