What is LTE? Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a wireless communication standard developed by 3rd Generation Partnership Project(3GPP) that’s designed to provide upto 10x speed of 3G Network for mobile devices such as smartphones, Tablets, netbooks and wireless hotstop. How it is different? High Data Rates. Completely packet switched and all IP architecture
and more flat as a result we have reduced latency for
user applications. Improved end-user throughputs for application such
as Voice and Video.
Flexibility of radio frequency deployment since LTE
can be deployed in various bandwidth
configurations(1.4, 3.5, 10, 50, 20Mhz). LTE Protocol Stack Overview: We can Divide air interface protocols to 2 parts:
1.User Plane deals with actual data flow.
Consists of: a)PDCP(Packet data control protocol) b)RLC(Radio Link Control) c)MAC(Medium Access Control) d)Physical layer
2.Control plane deals with configuration of user
plane layers before actual data flow. Consists of: a)RRC(Radio Resource control) b) NAS(Non Access Stratum) Below is a logical digram of E-UTRAN Protocol layers with a depiction of data flow through various layers: PDCP(packet data control protocol) Tasks performed by PDCP:
1.Header compression and header
decompression of IP data packets. 2.Maintanence of PDCP sequence number. 3.Security of data. RLC(Radio link control) Tasks performed by RLC: 1.Concatenation,segmentation and reassembly of RLC SDU’s 2.Retransmission of RLC PDU’s 3.Reordering of RLC data PDU’s MAC (Medium access control) Tasks performed by MAC :
1.Prioritization among various data channels
for a given UE. 2.Error Correction through HARQ(Hybrid Automatic Repeat request ) which is taken from UMTS. Physical Layer Tasks performed by physical layer:
1. Encode raw data before modulation.
2. Measure the interface to know channel quality. RRC(Radio Resource control) Tasks performed by RRC:
1. Broadcast of system information.
2. RRC Connection control. 3. State transition 4. Paging 5. Initial Security activation 6. Measurement configuration and reporting Non Access Stratum (NAS) Protocols The non-access stratum (NAS) protocols form the highest stratum of the control plane between the user equipment (UE) and MME. NAS has 2 parts:
1.EMM (EPS mobility management).
2.ESM (EPS Session management). LTE Channels: Logical, Transport and Physical Channels Details and Mapping These all three types of channel are present in Downlink as well as Uplink direction. Mapping of these channels is shown in below pictures. Logical channels In Downlink 5 logical channel for control plane: 1.Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) 2.Paging Control Channel (PCCH) 3.Common Control Channel (CCCH) 4.Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) 5.Multicast Control Channel (MCCH) Two logical channels for user plane 1. Dedicated Traffic channel (DTCH) 2. Multicast Traffic Channel (MTCH) In Uplink we have 2 control channels and one traffic channel. 1. Common Control Channel (CCCH) 2. Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) 3. Dedicated Traffic channel (DTCH)- Transport channels LTE has 4 Downlink Logical Channels: 1. Broadcast Channel (BCH) 2. Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH) 3. Paging Channel (PCH) 4. Multicast Channel (MCH) LTE has 2 Uplink Logical Channels: 1. Uplink Shared Channel (UL-SCH) 2. Random Access Channel (RACH) Physical channels: Downlink: 1.Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH): 2.Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) : 3.Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) : 4.Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) : Uplink:
1.Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
2.Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) 3.Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) : THANK YOU MIB and SIB in LTE Technology Master information Block ( MIB) MIB or Master Information Block is a very important message or information that is broadcasted by the LTE eNodeB irrespective of any users presence. The MIB is first among the other system
information blocks or SIB, which are also
broadcasted by the eNodeB. Contents of MIB The MIB is transmitted using a physical layer channel called PBCH or Physical Broadcast Channel on downlink. The MIB is a 24 bit information with following information within,
3 bits for system bandwidth
3 bits for PHICH information,
◦ 1 bit to indicate normal or extended PHICH
◦ 2 bit to indicate the PHICH Ng value 8 bits for system frame number 10 bits are reserved for future use. It has time interval of 40ms i.e, TTL=40ms. LTE System Information Block (SIB) Contents
System information block, is one important
message that the UE will be looking to decode from the eNodeb’s broadcast. SIB is require for any all reselection and
handover. Time interval is 80ms. SIB responsible of initial attachment and
mobility related information of network.
Contains information regarding whether or not UE is allowed to access the LTE cell. It also defines SIB1 the scheduling of the other SIBs. carries cell ID, MCC, MNC, TAC, SIB mapping.
Carries common channel as well as
SIB2 shared channel information.
carries cell re-selection
information as well as Intra SIB3 frequency cell re-selection information
carries Intra Frequency
Neighbors(on same frequency); SIB4 carries serving cell and neighbor cell frequencies required for cell reselection as well handover Carries Inter Frequency Neighbors(on different frequency); carries E-UTRA LTE frequencies, SIB5 other neighbor cell frequencies from other RATs. The purpose is cell reselection and handover.
carries WCDMA neighbors
information i.e. carries serving SIB6 UTRA and neighbor cell frequencies useful for cell re- selection
carries GSM neighbours
information i.e. Carries GERAN frequencies as well as GERAN SIB7 neighbor cell frequencies. It is used for cell re-selection as well as handover purpose. carries CDMA-2000 EVDO SIB8 frequencies, CDMA-2000 neighbor cell frequencies.
carries HNBID (Home eNodeB
SIB9 Identifier)
SIB10 carries ETWS prim. notification
SIB11 carries ETWS sec. notification
MIB in 5G systemFrameNumber subCarrierSpacingCommon ssb-SubcarrierOffset dmrs-TypeA-Position pdcch-ConfigSIB1 cellBarred intraFreqReselection LTE and NR MIB Comparision
periodicity with 10 ms periodicity with re-transmission repetitions made periodicity within 80 ms
Channel Coding Tail Bit Convolution Polar Coding
encoding
Modulation QPSK QPSK
Resource Allocation •6 RBs (72 subcarriers) •It is transmitted on in Frequency domain OFDM symbol 1,2,3 . •4 symbols of first •It uses 0 to 239 sub subframe second slot carrier number on symbol 0, 1, 2 and 3. symbol 1 & 3, where as on symbol 2 it uses subcarried number 0 to 47 and 192 to 239 MIB / SIB acquisition process 1.Case 1 : No On-Demand System Information, No previously stored SIB and UE just powered ON UE Powered ON Cell Search (PSS and SSS) and PBCH decode to get MIB Decode and store the MIB check if cellBarred= barred, stop here cellBarred != barred, move to next to process further information Decode SIB1 using parameters provided by MIB and store the results As SIB1 indicate no demand SI, decode other System Information (SIBs) Case 2 : On-Demand System Information Indication, No previously stored SIB and UE just powered ON Same as no on-Demand procedure As SIB1 indicate on demand SI, check RRC status If UE RRC status is in RRC-IDLE or RRC-INACTIVE state Trigger UE lower layers to initate RACH procedure Acquire the on-Demand SI messages when Acknowledgement for SI request is recieved System Information Block 1 (SIB1): Cell selection Information, PLMN, TAC, Cell Identity, RAN Notification Information, SI scheduling info for OSI, Serving Cell Information System Information Block 2 (SIB2): Cell re-selection information common for intra-frequency, inter-frequency and/ or inter-RAT System Information Block 3 (SIB3): Intra frequency cell re-selection information e.g. PCI, q-Offset, q-RxLev, q-Qual, Black cell list System Information Block 4 (SIB4): Inter frequency cell re-selection information e.g. NR-ARFCN System Information Block 5 (SIB5): Inter system cell re-selection toward LTE e.g. EARFCN System Information Block 6 (SIB6): Earth quake and Tsunami Warning System primary notifications System Information Block 7 (SIB7): Earth quake and Tsunami Warning System secondary notifications System Information Block 8 (SIB8): Commercial Mobile Alert services (CMAS) notification System Information Block 9 (SIB9): Timing information for UTC, GPS and local time Synchronization signal: LTE define two type of synchronization signals: 1.Primary synchronization signal (PSS) 2.Secondary synchronization signal (SSS) UE uses the Synchronization Signals to: Achieve radio frame, subframe, slot and
symbol synchronization in the time domain
Identify the center of the channel bandwidth
in the frequency domain
Deduce the Physical layer Cell Identity (PCI) Primary Synchronization Signals: The Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) is broadcast twice during every radio frame and both transmissions are identical. In the case of FDD: the PSS is broadcast using
the central 62 subcarriers belonging to the
last symbol of time slots 0 and 10 « In the case of TDD: the PSS is broadcast using
the central 62 subcarriers belonging to the
third symbol of time slot 2 (subframe 1) and the third symbol of time slot 12 (subframe 6) Secondary Synchronization Signals In the case of FDD: the SSS is broadcast using the central 62 subcarriers belonging to the second to last symbol of time slots 0 and 10 « In the case of TDD: the SSS is broadcast using
the central 62 subcarriers belonging to the last
symbol of time slot 1 (subframe 0) and the last symbol of time slot 11 (subframe 5) SSS helps to achieve radio frame
synchronization and deduce a pointer towards 1
of 168 Physical layer Cell Identity (PCI) groups. Below diagram shows how PSS and SSS helps finding the Physical Layer Cell ID WHAT IS IMS ? IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) is an architecture for real-time(Voice,Data,Video and Messaging) serv
It is developed by 3GPP standards group. It uses SIP Protocol.
WHAT IS SIP ? SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) is a standard protocol for establishing voice calls over IP Network.On Other protocols come into the process to transfer the data of the media.
WHY SIP ? SIP is needed for signalling and controlling multimedia communication sessions. To support telephone telephone Network which mainly involves in initiation and closing of a media transfer.
CSCF( Call Session Control Function) provides the central control function in the ims core network to
This is divided into three parts they are P-CSCF, I-CSCF and S-CSCF.
P-CSCF (Proxy- Call Session Control Function) :
• This is the first point of entry to IMS by accepting request and forwarding the SIP messages. • Handling emergency call sessions. • Maintains a secure association with UE • Compression of SIP signalling to minimize latency for over the air interface. • Authenticates the user and establishes an IPsec security association with the IMS terminal.
I-CSCF(Interogater Call Session Control Function) : • Responsible for determining the which S-CSCF be assigned for controlling the session request b • I-CSCF queries the HSS using the DIAMETER Cx interface to retrieve the user location and then assigned S-CSCF.
S-CSCF(Serving Call Session Control Function) :
• It is responsible for conducting both Registration and Session control for the Registered UE’s Ses • It decides to which application server(s) the SIP message will be forwarded, in order to provide th • Responsibility for co-ordinating with the media resource function for any media announcement.
HSS (Home Subscription Server) :
It is a master user database that supports the IMS N/W entities that handle the call.It contain User pr Authentication Authorization of user and can provide the physical location of the User.
What is CSFB : LTE technology supports packet based services only. It is well designed for da intermediate for early LTE deployment without VoLTE.The 3gpp defines the CSFB using Circuit Sw deliver voice or SMS before the coming of VoLTE(Voice over LTE).
With CSFB when a user starts a voice call in the LTE network, the UE moves to legacy systems like voice call. It remains there during the entire duration of the call. After the call is released UE moves
When CSFB is Required: When phone is camped on LTE but it is not capable of VoLTE and user makes a MT or MO ca back to 3g or 2g network and makes a call.
When UE is capable of VoLTE but IMS PDN is not established and makes a MT or MO call.
When UE is capable of VoLTE, IMS PDN is established but failed to register in CSCF and mak
When UE is capable of VoLTE, IMS PDN is established, registered in CSCF but network failed
When UE is capable of VoLTE, ims PDN is established and UE is registered in CSCF but SIP I
