Lec - 5 - Output Unit001

Introduction to
Computers
Books
1.Introduction to Computer
Peter Norton
2. Computer Fundamentals
Dr. M Lutfar Rahman
3. Computer Fundamentals
Pradeep K. Sinha
Md. Samiullah, Lecturer, CSE, DU

Previous class
>>Organization of computer
 Input Unit
 Output Unit
 Memory unit
 Control Unit
 ALU
Today’s Class
Output unit
>>Output Unit
Printer
Monitor
plotter
Speaker
Touch Screen

Printer
 Two types- Impact & non-impact
 Impacts are Type writers like dot matrix,

line printer, drum printer
 Non-impact printer works by creating

images like ink jet printer, laser printer,
photo printer, Thermal printers.

Dot matrix printer: Mechanism
 Consists of print head which have a
cluster (matrix) of short pins arranged in
one or more columns
 Receiving command from the CPU, the

print head pushes the appropriate pins in
and out of its cluster

Dot matrix printer: Mechanism
 Clusters in various combination can create
various alphanumeric characters
 When pin is out of cluster, produced pin

strike the ribbon and press ink on the paper
 The more pin in the cluster then higher the

resolution

Dot Matrix Printer

Dot matrix printer: Advantages
 Can make carbon copies
 Lowest print cost per page
 Ink ribbon does not easily dry out

Dot matrix printer: Dis-
advantages
 Noise level is very high
 Resolution is very low
 Limited quality
 Limited color performance
 Low speed of printing

Laser printer: mechanism
 It uses laser light for printing mechanism
 Just as the electron gun in a monitor can

target at any pixel, the Laser in a laser
printer can aim at any point on the drum,
cresting a electric charge
 The laser reflecting from the scanning

mirror moving through the ‘beam
alignment lens’ falls on imaging drum

Laser printer: mechanism
 Toner contains tiny particles of ink
strikes to the drum in the places the
laser has charged
 Then with the pressure and heat, the

toner is transferred off the drum onto
the paper
 The amount memory used, determines
the speed of printing.

Laser Printer

Laser printer: Advantages
 Very high speed

 No irritating sound like dot matrix printer
 Low noise level
 Low maintaince requirements
 High quality image
 Excellent graphics quality
 A variety type of size and qualities
 Monochrome printing speed: 4-16 ppm
 Resolution: 300, 600 dpi (high quality:
1200-1800dpi)
Laser printer: Dis-advantages
 Printer is costly
 Rough use can damage the lens and
the mirror
 Toner is costly and need to be
changed after a thousand of page
printed.

Ink jet printers: requirements
 Requires the ink nozzle containing CMYK
 CMYK (cyan-blue, magenta-red, yellow,

black)
 Also requires specially coated papers

Ink jet printers: Mechanism
 Ink is exposed to UV radiation source
where chemical reaction will take place
 A shuttered mercury vapor lamp is on

either side of print head & produces a
great amount of heat to complete the
curing process
 UV do not evaporate rather cure

Ink jet printers: Mechanism
 Monomers due to UV ray forms polymer
resulting high molecule which sets as a
image on paper or plastic
 No material is removed that means 100%

of delivered volume is used to provide
colorization

Inkjet Printer

Ink jet printers: Advantages
 Do not need warm up time
 Noise level is very low i.e. almost quite
 Print finer, smoother with high resolution
 Instant dry saves time
 Printing Speed: 2-4 ppm
 Resolution: 300 dpi, 600 dpi
 Cartridge are less costly (than toner)
 Most uses separate color cartridge and a BW
cartridge which saves ink.

Ink jet printers: Dis-
advantages
 Relatively slow printing
 clogged jets when not used
 Very narrow ink jet nozzle can

coagulate with dry ink at the head

Output device: Monitor
 Categories based on the prime
hardware used
 Cathode ray tube (CRT)
Ex- typical monitors with heavy weight
 Flat-panel display
Ex- LCD, LED etc

Output device: Monitor
 Categories based on the color display
 Monochrome: One color on a black
background
 Grayscale: Shades of gray on a white or

off-white background
 Color: From 16 to 16 million unique

colors
Other kinds of monitor
 Paper-white display
 Electroluminescent (ELD) display
 Plasma/gas plasma display

Monitor : Phosphor dots
 The only single unit dot which is
responsible for the image display
 There are ‘three types’ of phosphor

dots they are red, green and blue i.e.
RGB

Monitor : Pixel
 Pixel, short for picture element, is the
smallest number of phosphor dots that
the electron gun inside the monitor can
focus on {01M pixel= 01 Million
pixels}
 Three phosphor dots combine to form a
single unit pixel
01
pixel
Resolution
 The more you have pixels in your
monitor you will be able to see the
more clear and sharp image.
 This sharpness is called resolution
 For more resolution you must have
more pixels per inch area on the
monitor and minimum distance of dot
pitch
Refresh rate & Dot pitch
 Refresh rate: It is the number of times
per second that the electron guns scan
every pixel on the screen
 Dot pitch: The distance between the

same color phosphor dots of the pixel

Organization of (CRT)
 Its main part is a ‘cathode ray tube’.
 At its one end there is a source of high
voltage.
 There is a ‘magnetic coil/yolk’ ; which is
used to control the flow of electron
 At the back of the screen there are
‘phosphor dots’

Mechanism
 Electron gun shoots streams of electrons
at a high voltage towards the screen
 Magnetic coil controls the flow of electrons
 Phosphor dots on the back of the screen

glow when the electron beam hit them

Mechanism : Scanning
 Electron gun do not scan it randomly but
in a designed fashion
 The electron gun scans from left to right
 Then from top to bottom
 Refreshing every phosphor dot in a
zigzag pattern

Mechanism : Scanning
left right
top
bottom
Indicates pixel
Why TV is not used as monitor?
 Television display contains resolution which is
just a half of computer monitor. So it cannot
show output of computer operation.
 Resolution indicates the sharpness of an

image determined by the number of pixels on
the screen. TV contains only the half number
of pixels than monitor, so the resolution

Advantages of CRT monitor
 Refresh rate is high
 Relatively low cost
 Viewing angle is more i.e. can be seen

from different angle

Disadvantages of CRT monitor
 Large In size
 Not portable
 Requires a lot of power to run it

Advantages of FLAT PANEL(LCD)
monitor

monitor

monitor
• the pixels are addressed in rows
and columns
• The column and row wires attach to

transistor switches, one for each
pixel.
• The one-way current passing

characteristic of the transistor
prevents the charge applied to the
pixel from draining between
refreshes to the display image
Advantages of FLAT PANEL(LCD) monitor
 Small in size, small space requires
 Portable as weight is less than CRT

monitor
 High resolution
 A little power consumption

Advantages of FLAT PANEL(LCD) monitor
 Small in size, small space requires
 Portable as weight is less than CRT

monitor
 High resolution
 A little power consumption

Disadvantages of FLAT PANEL(LCD)
monitor
 Low refresh rate
 Viewing angle is low
 Images can be difficult to see in bright

light

Output unit: Speaker
 Speaker is well known output device
usually outputs sound
 It is attached with the sound card of the
computer
 Sound can be controlled by controller
 Electric signal is converted and it changes
the air pressure outside which we call
sound

How a Sound Card
Works?

Output device: Touch screen

Output unit: Plotter
 A output unit like printer used to print
large size posters
 Requires specified paper and ink
 It takes a few hours to print the poster

Output unit: Plotter

Memory Unit
Memory
Memory:
 One or more set of chips that stores data or
programmed instructions either temporarily
or permanently.
Classification of memory:
1. Primary memory
2. Secondary memory

Location of different memories
ALU
CONTROL
INPUT UNIT OUTPUT
UNIT UNIT
MAIN MEMORY
OR
RESISTERS
SECONDARY MEMORY
Calculations of storage capacity
01 BYTE (B) 08 bit
01KB 1024 B
01 MB 1024.1024 B
01 GB 1024.1024.1024 B
01 TB 1024.1024.1024.1024 B
Memory Terminologies
 Memory Address: 0000
A
B
 Memory locations are 0001
0002
identified by numbers 100
FFFD X
FFFE Y
FFFF

 Memory Word: A
 When memory is read or written, a 0000
block of bit is read or written instead 0001 B
of a single bit.
0002 100
 The block is considered to be a unit
of operation/processing
 A set of bit with which read/write X

operation is done in a certain storage FFFD
device is called memory word FFFE Y
FFFF
 Example: 08 bits or 01 Byte memory
word clearly 01000000 (08 bits)
represents 64 and its character is @;
here, this digital 08 bits in combine
known as a memory word

 Destructive:
 composed of capacitors, data disappears
when read operation is done, needs re-write
operation to retain data
 Non-destructive:
 reverse nature
 Example: semiconductor, switch, flash
memory, pen drive

 Volatile:
 Type of memory where data remains only
when the power supply is on.
 Ex-RAM
 Non-volatile:
 here content remains even the power is
turned off
 Example: hard disk, floppy disk, flash drive
etc
Memory Terminologies:
Memory operation
 Memory store/write:
 The process of storing or writing data at the
specific location of the memory
 Data is stored as bits
 Ex- CD writing operation

Memory operation
 Memory read:
 Also called ‘fetch operation’
 To read stored data or to process that stored
data
 A binary word is selected from a specific
address of memory and this is transferred to
another device
 Example: To hear a song from CD or any
drive

Memory access
 Random access:
 Any location of storage can be accessed at
any moment
 Does not matter whether the desired access
location is too close or a far away
 Consumes almost same amount of time
 Found in primary and secondary memory

Memory access
 Sequential:
 accessing a bit of information in a serial
order, one after another
 Access time depends on the last
order/information execution time
 Example: Off line storage such as playing a
song from magnetic tape

Primary memory
 Includes RAM
 CPU access directly on this memory
 Normally volatile in nature

Primary memory: RAM
 Central storage unit
 Volatile
 Temporary in nature
 Holds operating systems, application

programme, data in current use
 Other name is (Read/Write) memory

Different types of RAM
 S RAM- Exhibits data remanance but still
volatile as data dissolves when turn off
 D RAM- Data disappears after a certain

period automatically if it is not refreshed.
This type of RAM needs periodically re-
read or re-written. Ex- Z-RAM, TT-RAM,
A-RAM

Primary memory: ROM
 Proportionally read operation is more than
write operation
 Contains user programmed instructions like

Bootstrap loader
 Non-volatile
 permanent

Different types of ROM
ROM
ROM PROM EPROM EEPROM

Secondary memory
 Auxiliary unit
 Storing capacity is huge
 Normally non-volatile
 Normally two types-

1. Magnetic
2. Optical

Secondary memory: Magnetic
 Variation of ‘Magnet polarity’ determines
whether the bit will be 0 or 1
 Data write process is done by

electromagnetic head
 Ex- hard disk, floppy disk, magnetic tape

Secondary memory: Optical
 Variation of light reflection determines the
nature of bits
 Data is written with the help of LASER or

UV rays
 Ex-CD-R/RW, DVD-R/RW, BD-R

Memory address:
 It is a number or a set of digital number
(bit/Bytes) in the memory
 This address specially represented by

binary numbers
 Decimal, Octal, Hex-decimal numbers are

also used for addressing

Virtual memory:
 When secondary memory is used as primary
memory then this is called virtual
 Provide assistance to the RAM, by creating

space for the great amount of data
 When RAM finishes it’s access, virtual

memory vanishes
 Virtual memory can be selected by user

Cache memory:
 Small memory chip is attached between
CPU & main memory
 Give the assistance to the resisters
 Speed up the data process
 Three types of cache memory is found
e.g. L1(CPU resident), L2 & L3 (mother
board)

Resisters
 They are not the part of main memory
but store data and pass as directed by
CPU
 The size of the resisters which is
sometimes called the word size,indicates
the amount of data with which CPU can
work/access.
 Ex- 32 bits processor means, 04 bytes
data processing capability
Question
Q1. Let a HD contains 8 disks with 2 surfaces

each. Each surface contains 16 tracks and each
track is divided into 32 sectors. Calculate the
capacity ( in GB) of the HD if each sector can
store 4 KB of data.
Question
Q2. Let a HD contains 8 disks with 2 surfaces

each. Each surface contains 16 tracks and each
track is divided into 32 sectors. Calculate the
capacity ( in GB) of the HD if each sector can
store 4 KB of data.
What will be the capacity if 2 of the disks have
1 surface defected and unable to store data.
One of the disk have 2 tracks with 4 faulty
sectors.
 Total Disk = 8
 6 disks with 2 surfaces, 2 disks with 1 surface = 14
surfaces in total
 16 track = 1 surface, 14 surface = 14*16 tracks = 224
tracks
 Sectors = 222 * 32 sectors+ 2 * 28 sector = 224*32 – 8
(faulty sector) = 7160 sector
 1 sector = 4 kb,
 Capacity = 4 * 7160 = 28640 KB =

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Introduction to

Md. Samiullah, Lecturer, CSE, DU

Md. Samiullah, Lecturer, CSE, DU

 Impacts are Type writers like dot matrix,

 Non-impact printer works by creating

Md. Samiullah, Lecturer, CSE, DU

 Receiving command from the CPU, the

Md. Samiullah, Lecturer, CSE, DU

 When pin is out of cluster, produced pin

 The more pin in the cluster then higher the

Md. Samiullah, Lecturer, CSE, DU

Md. Samiullah, Lecturer, CSE, DU

 Lowest print cost per page

 Ink ribbon does not easily dry out

Md. Samiullah, Lecturer, CSE, DU

 Resolution is very low

 Limited color performance

 Low speed of printing

Md. Samiullah, Lecturer, CSE, DU

 Just as the electron gun in a monitor can

 The laser reflecting from the scanning

Md. Samiullah, Lecturer, CSE, DU

 Then with the pressure and heat, the

Md. Samiullah, Lecturer, CSE, DU

Md. Samiullah, Lecturer, CSE, DU

 Very high speed

Md. Samiullah, Lecturer, CSE, DU

 CMYK (cyan-blue, magenta-red, yellow,

 Also requires specially coated papers

Md. Samiullah, Lecturer, CSE, DU

 A shuttered mercury vapor lamp is on

 UV do not evaporate rather cure

Md. Samiullah, Lecturer, CSE, DU

 No material is removed that means 100%

Md. Samiullah, Lecturer, CSE, DU

Md. Samiullah, Lecturer, CSE, DU

Md. Samiullah, Lecturer, CSE, DU

 clogged jets when not used

 Very narrow ink jet nozzle can

Md. Samiullah, Lecturer, CSE, DU

Md. Samiullah, Lecturer, CSE, DU

 Grayscale: Shades of gray on a white or

 Color: From 16 to 16 million unique

 Electroluminescent (ELD) display

 Plasma/gas plasma display

Md. Samiullah, Lecturer, CSE, DU

 There are ‘three types’ of phosphor

Md. Samiullah, Lecturer, CSE, DU

 Dot pitch: The distance between the

Md. Samiullah, Lecturer, CSE, DU

Md. Samiullah, Lecturer, CSE, DU

 Magnetic coil controls the flow of electrons

 Phosphor dots on the back of the screen

Md. Samiullah, Lecturer, CSE, DU

Md. Samiullah, Lecturer, CSE, DU

 Resolution indicates the sharpness of an

Md. Samiullah, Lecturer, CSE, DU

 Relatively low cost

 Viewing angle is more i.e. can be seen

Md. Samiullah, Lecturer, CSE, DU

 Requires a lot of power to run it

Md. Samiullah, Lecturer, CSE, DU

Md. Samiullah, Lecturer, CSE, DU